Women Who Ruled China: Buddhism, Multiculturalism, and Governance in the Sixth Century

Author: Stephanie Balkwill

Publication year: 2024

Publisher: University of California Press

Abstract: 

In the late fifth century, a girl whose name has been forgotten by history was born at the edge of the Chinese empire. By the time of her death, she had transformed herself into Empress Dowager Ling, one of the most powerful politicians of her age and one of the first of many Buddhist women to wield incredible influence in dynastic East Asia. In this book, Stephanie Balkwill documents the Empress Dowager’s rise to power and life on the throne against the broader world of imperial China under the rule of the Northern Wei dynasty, a foreign people from Inner Asia who built their capital deep in the Chinese heartland.

Building on largely untapped Buddhist materials, Balkwill shows that the life and rule of the Empress Dowager is a larger story of the reinvention of religious, ethnic, and gender norms in a rapidly changing multicultural society. The Women Who Ruled China recovers the voices of those left out of the mainstream historical record, painting a compelling portrait of medieval Chinese society reinventing itself under the Empress Dowager’s leadership.

New DH website: "Religious Itinerancy: Travel Narratives in the Biographies of Eminent Monks"

We are excited to announce that our website is now officially online! 

The website represents an interactive and searchable database encompassing travel narratives found within the biographies of Chinese Buddhist monks and nuns, spanning from the fifth to the seventeenth century CE. 

There are several distinct ways to access the information stored within this repository:

"Events": This feature allows users to identify and peruse travel narratives using various filters, such as person, location, book title, dynasty, and motivations and outcomes of the journeys.

"Maps":  This functionality enables users to locate every place visited by Buddhist monks and nuns, identifying their points of departure and arrival, as well as tracing their travel routes. This is facilitated through three different types of maps and corresponding filters, including person, location, book title, dynasty, and motivations and outcomes of the journeys.

"Search": This option enables users to read comprehensive biographies of itinerant monks online and conduct keyword searches.

Find out more at our website: https://youfun.litphil.sinica.edu.tw/

Dreaming and Self-Cultivation in China, 300 BCE–800 CE

Author:
Robert Ford Campany

Publication Date: 
04/18/2023

Publisher:
Harvard University Asia Center

Abstract:
Practitioners of any of the paths of self-cultivation available in ancient and medieval China engaged daily in practices meant to bring their bodies and minds under firm control. They took on regimens to discipline their comportment, speech, breathing, diet, senses, desires, sexuality, even their dreams. Yet, compared with waking life, dreams are incongruous, unpredictable—in a word, strange. How, then, did these regimes of self-fashioning grapple with dreaming, a lawless yet ubiquitous domain of individual experience?
In Dreaming and Self-Cultivation in China, 300 BCE–800 CE, Robert Ford Campany examines how dreaming was addressed in texts produced and circulated by practitioners of Daoist, Buddhist, Confucian, and other self-cultivational disciplines. Working through a wide range of scriptures, essays, treatises, biographies, commentaries, fictive dialogues, diary records, interpretive keys, and ritual instructions, Campany uncovers a set of discrete paradigms by which dreams were viewed and responded to by practitioners. He shows how these paradigms underlay texts of diverse religious and ideological persuasions that are usually treated in mutual isolation. The result is a provocative meditation on the relationship between individuals’ nocturnal experiences and one culture’s persistent attempts to discipline, interpret, and incorporate them into waking practice.

Table of Contents:

Introduction: Approaching Dreaming and Self-Cultivation
1. Purifying
2. Diagnosing
3. Spilling Over
4. Not Dreaming, Waking Up, and Not Minding the Difference
Epilogue: Fish Traps and Rabbit Snares
Appendix A: Dream Signs in Explication of Dreams for Bodhisattvas
Appendix B: Comparing Versions of the Chapter on Diagnostic Dreams in Perfection of Wisdom Texts
Appendix C: Incubatory Spells in Three Dongshen Registers of Red Writs of the Most High

The Buddhist Maritime Silk Road

Author:
Lewis R. Lancaster  

Publisher:

Foguang 佛光  

Publication date:
2022/06/03

Abstract:
The Buddhist Maritime Silk Road recounts the magnificent history of the world of Maritime Buddhism from a diverse range of aspects—the various Buddhist traditions, pilgrims and monks, causes and conditions, norms and rituals, cross-cultural relations between East and West, as well as the intricacies of navigation technology, and migrations of the Austronesian peoples—all remarkable and crucial elements of the transmission of Buddhism brought to new heights of importance.
 

In this book, Dr. Lewis R. Lancaster innovatively shifts the focus to documenting the dynamic networks and systems of interchange in Eurasia, instead of the common approach of historical, event-structured analysis. The fascinating history of the spread of Buddhism begins in the early years of the Common Era, when animal caravans began treading across the inland routes between India and China, evolving as sea routes flourished over centuries. It emerges that Buddhism flowed and thrived along with the beating pulse of the trading networks. The northern overland and southern maritime trading routes converged, conjuring forth an iconic cycle described by Lancaster as “The Great Circle of Buddhism.”

Table of Contents:
• Introduction
• Origin and Spread of Buddhism
• The Great Circle of Buddhism and Its Rim
• Buddhism along the Sea Routes
• Conclusion

The Buddha’s Footprint: An environmental history of Asia

Author:
Johan Elverskog

Publication year:
2020

Publisher:
University of Pennsylvania Press

Abstract:
In the current popular imagination, Buddhism is often understood to be a religion intrinsically concerned with the environment. The Dharma, the name given to Buddhist teachings by Buddhists, states that all things are interconnected. Therefore, Buddhists are perceived as extending compassion beyond people and animals to include plants and the earth itself out of a concern for the total living environment. In The Buddha's Footprint, Johan Elverskog contends that only by jettisoning this contemporary image of Buddhism as a purely ascetic and apolitical tradition of contemplation can we see the true nature of the Dharma. According to Elverskog, Buddhism is, in fact, an expansive religious and political system premised on generating wealth through the exploitation of natural resources.

Elverskog surveys the expansion of Buddhism across Asia in the period between 500 BCE and 1500 CE, when Buddhist institutions were built from Iran and Azerbaijan in the west, to Kazakhstan and Siberia in the north, Japan in the east, and Sri Lanka and Indonesia in the south. He examines the prosperity theology at the heart of the Dharma that declared riches to be a sign of good karma and the means by which spritiual status could be elevated through donations bequeathed to Buddhist institutions. He demonstrates how this scriptural tradition propelled Buddhists to seek wealth and power across Asia and to exploit both the people and the environment.

Elverskog shows the ways in which Buddhist expansion not only entailed the displacement of local gods and myths with those of the Dharma—as was the case with Christianity and Islam—but also involved fundamentally transforming earlier social and political structures and networks of economic exchange. The Buddha's Footprint argues that the institutionalization of the Dharma was intimately connected to agricultural expansion, resource extraction, deforestation, urbanization, and the monumentalization of Buddhism itself.

Table of Contents:
Preface
Introduction
Part I. What the Buddha Taught
1. The Buddha
2. Buddhism(s)
3. Buddhists
4. Wealth
5. Consumption
Part II. What Buddhists Did
6. The Spread of Buddhism
7. The Commodity Frontier
8. Agricultural Expansion
9. Urbanization
10. The Buddhist Landscape
Conclusion

In the Forest of the Blind： The Eurasian Journey of Faxian's Record of Buddhist Kingdoms

Author:

Matthew W. King

Publisher:

Columbia University Press

Publication date:

March 2022

Abstract:

The Record of Buddhist Kingdoms is a classic travelogue that records the Chinese monk Faxian’s journey in the early fifth century CE to Buddhist sites in Central and South Asia in search of sacred texts. In the nineteenth century, it traveled west to France, becoming in translation the first scholarly book about “Buddhist Asia,” a recent invention of Europe. This text fascinated European academic Orientalists and was avidly studied by Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche. The book went on to make a return journey east: it was reintroduced to Inner Asia in an 1850s translation into Mongolian, after which it was rendered into Tibetan in 1917. Amid decades of upheaval, the text was read and reinterpreted by Siberian, Mongolian, and Tibetan scholars and Buddhist monks.

Matthew W. King offers a groundbreaking account of the transnational literary, social, and political history of the circulation, translation, and interpretation of Faxian’s Record. He reads its many journeys at multiple levels, contrasting the textual and interpretative traditions of the European academy and the Inner Asian monastery. King shows how the text provided Inner Asian readers with new historical resources to make sense of their histories as well as their own times, in the process developing an Asian historiography independently of Western influence. Reconstructing this circulatory history and featuring annotated translations, In the Forest of the Blind models decolonizing methods and approaches for Buddhist studies and Asian humanities.

Table of Contents:

Introduction

1. Chang’an to India

2. Beijing to Paris

3. Buddhist Asia to Jambudvīpa

4. Jambudvīpa to Science

5. Science to History of the Dharma

Conclusion

Appendix. The Inner Asian Record

Chan Before Chan: Meditation, Repentance, and Visionary Experience in Chinese Buddhism

Author:
Eric M. Greene

Publication date:
January 2021

Publisher: 

University of Hawaii Press

Abstract:
What is Buddhist meditation? What is going on—and what should be going on—behind the closed or lowered eyelids of the Buddha or Buddhist adept seated in meditation? And in what ways and to what ends have the answers to these questions mattered for Buddhists themselves? Focusing on early medieval China, this book takes up these questions through a cultural history of the earliest traditions of Buddhist meditation (chan), before the rise of the Chan (Zen) School in the eighth century. In sharp contrast to what would become typical in the later Chan School, early Chinese Buddhists approached the ancient Buddhist practice of meditation primarily as a way of gaining access to a world of enigmatic but potentially meaningful visionary experiences. In Chan Before Chan, Eric Greene brings this approach to meditation to life with a focus on how medieval Chinese Buddhists interpreted their own and others’ visionary experiences and the nature of the authority they ascribed to them.

Drawing from hagiography, ritual manuals, material culture, and the many hitherto rarely studied meditation manuals translated from Indic sources into Chinese or composed in China in the 400s, Greene argues that during this era meditation and the mastery of meditation came for the first time to occupy a real place in the Chinese Buddhist social world. Heirs to wider traditions that had been shared across India and Central Asia, early medieval Chinese Buddhists conceived of “chan” as something that would produce a special state of visionary sensitivity. The concrete visionary experiences that resulted from meditation were understood as things that could then be interpreted, by a qualified master, as indicative of the mediator’s purity or impurity. Buddhist meditation, though an elite discipline that only a small number of Chinese Buddhists themselves undertook, was thus in practice and in theory constitutively integrated into the cultic worlds of divination and “repentance” (chanhui 懺悔) that were so important within the medieval Chinese religious world as a whole.

Table of Contents:

Introduction

Chapter 1 Meditation Practice, Meditation Masters, and Meditation Texts

Chapter 2 Confirmatory Visions and the Semiotics of Meditative Experience 

Chapter 3 Visions of Karma

Chapter 4 Repentance

Chapter 5 From chan to Chan

Epilogue

(Thanks to Dr. Greene for this information)

The Secrets of Buddhist Meditation: Visionary Meditation Texts from Early Medieval China

Author:
Eric M. Greene

Publication date: 
January 2021

Publisher: 

Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press

Abstract:
In the early 400s, numerous Indian and Central Asian Buddhist “meditation masters” (chanshi) traveled to China, where they established the first enduring traditions of Buddhist meditation practice in East Asia. The forms of contemplative practice that these missionaries brought with them, and which their Chinese students further developed, remained for several centuries the basic understanding of “meditation” (chan) in China. Although modern scholars and readers have long been familiar with the approaches to meditation of the Chan (Zen) School that later became so popular throughout East Asia, these earlier and in some ways more pervasive forms of practice have long been overlooked or ignored. This volume presents a comprehensive study of the content and historical formation, as well as complete English translations, of two of the most influential manuals in which these approaches to Buddhist meditation are discussed: the Scripture on the Secret Essential Methods of Chan 禪祕要法經 (Chan Essentials) and the Secret Methods for Curing Chan Sickness 治禪病秘要法 (Methods for Curing).

Translated here into English for the first time, these documents reveal a distinctly visionary form of Buddhist meditation whose goal is the acquisition of concrete, symbolic visions attesting to the practitioner’s purity and progress toward liberation. Both texts are “apocryphal” scriptures: Taking the form of Indian Buddhist sutras translated into Chinese, they were in fact new compositions, written or at least assembled in China in the first half of the fifth century. Though written in China, their historical significance extends beyond the East Asian context as they are among the earliest written sources anywhere to record certain kinds of information about Buddhist meditation that hitherto had been the preserve of oral tradition and personal initiation. To this extent they indeed divulge, as their titles claim, the “secrets” of Buddhist meditation. Through them, we witness a culture of Buddhist meditation that has remained largely unknown but which for many centuries was widely shared across North India, Central Asia, and China.

Table of Contents:

Meditation and Meditation Literature in Early Medieval Chinese Buddhism

Visionary Meditation

Buddhist Meditation according to the Chan Essentials and Methods for Curing

Ritual Repentance, Buddha Bodies, and Somatic Soteriology

Dao Companion to Xuanxue 玄學 (Neo-Daoism)

Editor: 

Chai, David 

Publisher: 

Springer

Publication date:

September 30, 2020

Abstract:

This comprehensive volume surveys an important but neglected period of Chinese intellectual history: Xuanxue (Neo-Daoism). It provides a holistic approach to the philosophical and religious traits of this movement via the concepts of non-being, being, and oneness. Thinkers and texts on the periphery of Xuanxue are also examined to show readers that Xuanxue did not arise in a vacuum but is the result of a long and continuous evolution of ideas from pre-Qin Daoism.

The 25 chapters of this work survey the major philosophical figures and arguments of Xuanxue, a movement from the Wei-Jin dynastic period (220-420 CE) of early-medieval China. It also examines texts and figures from the late-Han dynasty whose influence on Xuanxue has yet to be made explicitly clear. In order to fully capture the multifaceted nature of this movement, the contributors brilliantly highlight its more socially-oriented characteristics. 

Overall, this volume presents an unrivaled picture of this exciting period. It details a portrait of intellectual and cultural vitality that rivals, if not surpasses, what was achieved during the Warring States period. Readers of the Yijing, Daodejing, and Zhuangzi will feel right at home with the themes and arguments presented herein, while students and those coming to Xuanxue for the first time will acquire a wealth of knowledge.     

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Chai, David

Xuanxue’s Contributions to Chinese Philosophy
Sellmann, James D.

The Metaphysical Style and Structural Coherence of Names in Xuanxue
Rošker, Jana S.

Oneness in the Taipingjing
Hendrischke, Barbara

Yin and Yang in the Taipingjing
Hendrischke, Barbara

Dao and Ziran in Heshanggong’s Commentary on the Daodejing
Tadd, Misha

The Walking Dead: Morality, Health, and Longevity in the Xuanxue Method of the Xiang’er Commentary on the Laozi
Littlejohn, Ronnie

Wang Chong’s View of Ziran and its Influence on Wang Bi and Guo Xiang
McLeod, Alexus

He Yan’s “Essay on Dao” and “Essay on the Nameless”
D’Ambrosio, Paul

He Yan’s Collected Explanations on the Analects
Lo, Yuet Keung

Ruan Ji’s “On Comprehending the Zhuangzi”
Chai, David

Ji Kang’s “On Dispelling Self-Interest”
Chai, David

The Aesthetics of Musical Emotion in Ji Kang’s “Music has in It Neither Grief nor Joy”
Park, So Jeong

The Ontology of Change: Wang Bi’s Interpretation of the Yijing
Hon, Tze Ki

Language and Nothingness in Wang Bi
Nelson, Eric S.

Metaphysics without Ontology: Wang Bi and the Daodejing
Fox, Alan

Re-envisioning the Profound Order of Dao: Pei Wei’s “Critical Discussion on the Pride of Place of Being”
Chan, Alan K. L.

Metaphysics and Agency in Guo Xiang’s Commentary on the Zhuangzi
Fraser, Chris

Lone-Transformation and Intergrowth: Philosophy and Self-Justification in Guo Xiang’s Commentary on the Zhuangzi
Lo, Yuet Keung

Guo Xiang’s Theory of Sagely Knowledge as Seen in his “Essentials of the Analects”
Lynn, Richard J.

Ge Hong and the Darkness
Raz, Gil

Seeking Immortality in Ge Hong’s Baopuzi Neipian
Pregadio, Fabrizio

Ge Hong’s Evolving Discourse on You and Wu and its Roots in the Daodejing
Michael, Thomas

The Xuanxue Lifestyle: Self-Cultivation and Qi Practices
Kohn, Livia

Zhi Dun on Freedom: Synthesizing Daoism and Buddhism
Zhang, Ellen Y.

Chinese Studies in History , Volume 53, Issue 3 (2020): Dunhuang on the Silk Road: A Hub of Eurasian Cultural Exchange

Table of Contents:

Article 研究論文

Dunhuang on the Silk Road: A hub of Eurasian cultural exchange—Introduction
Huaiyu Chen  &  Q. Edward Wang
陳懷宇、王晴佳：導論

Mani and the Messiah in the Record of the Dharma-Jewel through the Generations—The origins of Manichean and Nestorian elements in Tibetan texts
Rong Xinjiang

榮新江：《歷代法寶記》中的末曼尼和彌師訶：兼談吐蕃文獻中的摩尼教和景教因素的來歷

A reexamination of the reasons for the closure of the Dunhuang Library Cave
Sha Wutian

沙武田：敦煌藏經洞封閉原因再探

The cult of the Cintāmaṇi: The nature and context of the Dunhuang manuscript P. 4518 (10)
Huaiyu Chen

陳懷宇：摩尼寶珠崇拜：試論敦煌出土P. 4518 (10) 紙本畫頁之性質及其背景

On the development of Buddhist scripture illustration form and function from Dunhuang Buddhist texts and murals
Zheng Acai

鄭阿財：從敦煌佛教文獻、壁畫論佛經繪圖形式與功能之發展

On the origin and presentation of images of traveling Buddhist monks on pilgrimage for sutras with tame tigers in the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes
Zhou Xiaoping

周曉萍：敦煌莫高窟行僧取經伏虎圖像之源起與表現研究

Infractions of moral precepts by monks and nuns in the Buddhist community of Dunhuang during the late-Tang and Five Dynasties period—The case of alcohol drinking
Zheng Binglin  &  Wei Yingchun

鄭炳林、魏迎春：晚唐五代敦煌佛教教團僧尼違戒：以飲酒為中心的探討

Buddhist Healing in Medieval China and Japan

Editors:
C. Pierce Salguero and Andrew Macomber

Publication date:
August 2020

Publisher:
University of Hawaii Press

Abstract:
From its inception in northeastern India in the first millennium BCE, the Buddhist tradition has advocated a range of ideas and practices that were said to ensure health and well-being. As the religion developed and spread to other parts of Asia, healing deities were added to its pantheon, monastic institutions became centers of medical learning, and healer-monks gained renown for their mastery of ritual and medicinal therapeutics. In China, imported Buddhist knowledge contended with a sophisticated, state-supported system of medicine that was able to retain its influence among the elite. Further afield in Japan, where Chinese Buddhism and Chinese medicine were introduced simultaneously as part of the country’s adoption of civilization from the “Middle Kingdom,” the two were reconciled by individuals who deemed them compatible. In East Asia, Buddhist healing would remain a site of intercultural tension and negotiation. While participating in transregional networks of circulation and exchange, Buddhist clerics practiced locally specific blends of Indian and indigenous therapies and occupied locally defined social positions as religious and medical specialists.

In this diverse and compelling collection, an international group of scholars analyzes the historical connections between Buddhism and healing in medieval China and Japan. Contributors focus on the transnationally conveyed aspects of Buddhist healing traditions as they moved across geographic, cultural, and linguistic boundaries. Simultaneously, the chapters also investigate the local instantiations of these ideas and practices as they were reinvented, altered, and re-embedded in specific social and institutional contexts. Investigating the interplay between the macro and micro, the global and the local, this book demonstrates the richness of Buddhist healing as a way to explore the history of cross-cultural exchange.

Table of Contents:

"A Flock of Ghosts Bursting Forth and Scattering": Healing Narratives in a Sixth-Century Chinese Buddhist Hagiography / C. Pierce Salguero

Teaching from the Sickbed: Ideas of Illness and Healing in the Vimalakīrti Sūtra and Their Reception in Medieval Chinese Literature / Antje Richter

Lighting Lamps to Prolong Life: Ritual Healing and the Bhaiṣajyaguru Cult in Fifth- and Sixth-Century China / Shi Zhiru 釋智如

Buddhist Healing Practices at Dunhuang in the Medieval Period / Catherine Despeux

Empowering the Pregnancy Sash in Medieval Japan / Anna Andreeva

Ritualizing Moxibustion in the Early Medieval Tendai-Jimon Lineage / Andrew Macomber

燉煌文書の研究

Author:
土肥　義和 （DOHI Yoshikazu ）

Publication date:
July 2020

Publisher:
汲古書院

Table of Contents:

序　　　土肥史学と敦煌・吐魯番文書研究（氣賀澤保規）
自　序
前篇　唐代律令制関係文書の研究

第一部　唐代均田制の実施関係文書の研究
　はじめに
　――わが国における唐代均田制研究の課題――

第一章　唐令より見たる現存唐代戸籍の基礎的研究
　――均田制施行との関連において――
　一　はじめに　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　二　現存唐代戸籍の書式
　三　燉煌県開元四年・十年籍稿（P三八七七V）にみえる給田記載　　　　　　　
　四　おわりに

第二章　唐代燉煌戸籍の居住園宅について
　――その班給と田土の地割とに関連して――

第三章　唐代西州における均田制の開始
　――貞観十四年九月の手実を中心に――

第四章　唐代均田制の給田基準攷
　――とくに吐魯番盆地の実例を中心に――

第五章　唐代均田制下における燉煌の田土給授について
　一　はじめに　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　二　燉煌県受田簿断簡と付着紙片
　三　燉煌県受田簿の外形的特徴と成立年代　　　　
　四　燉煌県受田簿の特質　　　
　五　おわりに

第六章　唐開元十六年燉煌県史氾知節請給田土衛志曹大慶牒の一分析
　はしがき　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　一　文書の概観
　二　文書の記載形式上の特徴　　　　　　　　　　
　三　文書の内容分析　　　　　
　む す び

まとめ　唐代における均田法施行の史料雑抄
　序　言　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　一　西州高昌県等狭郷の給田記録
　二　沙州燉煌県寛郷の給田申請牒について　
　むすびに代えて――均田法下の嶺南地区

第二部　令文関係文書の研究

第一章　永徽二年東宮諸府職員令の復元
　――大英図書館蔵同職員令断片（S一一四四六）
　　　の発見に際して――
　一　永徽二年職員令復元の経緯　　　　　　　　　
　二　新発見職員令断片と他断巻との接続状況
　三　永徽二年職員令の外形的特徴　　　　　　　　
　四　編纂者記載と撰上期日

第二章　唐考課令等写本断片（Дx六五二一）等
　――開元二十五年撰『格式律令事類』に関連して――
　一　問題の所在　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　二　本断片（Дx六五二一）の条文復元
　三　条文復元にかかわる史料と解釈　　　　　　　
　むすびにかえて――本断片の特質――

後篇　燉煌帰義軍期の政治社会および仏教教団関係文書の研究

第一部　帰義軍節度使支配期（唐晩期・五代・宋初）の政治社会と仏教教団

第一章　帰義軍節度使支配期（唐晩期・五代・宋初）の政治社会
　第一節　帰義軍（唐後期・五代・宋初）時代
　一　はじめに――帰義軍節度使の燉煌支配　　　　
　二　帰義軍の行政的支配機構
　三　胡漢雑居の住民構成　　　　　　　　　　　　
　四　帰義軍と燉煌仏教教団
　五　莫高窟千仏洞と帰義軍　　　　　　　　　　　
　六　むすびにかえて

　第二節　燉煌発見唐・回鶻間交易関係漢文文書断簡考
　一　はじめに　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　二　文書断簡の復元とその外形的特徴
　三　唐・回鶻間交易文書の一分析　　　　　　　　
　四　むすびにかえて

　第三節　燉煌文書をめぐる堀敏一先生の思い出
　　――付「戌年六月十八日諸寺丁壮車牛役部（S五四二V）」に見える燉煌寺戸の
　　性格に関する若干の考察――

第二章　燉煌仏教教団十六大寺から十八大寺の成立と蘭若
　一　莫高窟と窟寺　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　二　莫高窟の性格
　三　燉煌仏教教団大寺の増建　　　　　　　　　　
　四　燉煌の蘭若

第三章　燉煌莫高窟の性格
　一　莫高窟景観　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　二　莫高窟で催された燃燈会
　三　燉煌仏教教団と窟寺と三所禅窟
　　　　　　　
第四章　燉煌莫高窟を支えた人達

　第一節　燉煌莫高窟を支えた人達
　――燉煌研究院編『莫高窟供養人題記』の数量的分析――
　一　はじめに　　　　　　　
　二 『供養人題記』に見える九・十世紀の窟龕数について
　三 『供養人題記』に見える供養者の姓氏別分布の一特色
　四　九・十世紀における莫高窟の造営者たち

　第二節　燉煌莫高窟供養人図像題記について
　――その配置を中心に――

第二部　燉煌「社」集団の組織と特色

第一章　唐・北宋間の「社」の組織形態に関する一考察
　――燉煌の場合を中心に――

第二章　唐・北宋の間、燉煌の杜家親情社追補社条（S八一六〇RV）について
　はしがき
　一　杜家親情社追補社条の記載形式上の特徴　　　
　二　杜家追補社条の条規
　三　杜家追補社条に見える贈例　　　　　　　　　
　四　杜家追補社条に見える三駄と三贈（請贈）
　五　杜家追補社条の作成年代　　　　　　　　　　
　六　杜家追補社条に見える親情
　おわりに

第三部　燉煌文献の性格とその封蔵

　曹氏帰義軍後期、燉煌管内仏教教団の写経事業記録の分析
　――「燉煌遺書」の性格を探って――
　はじめに
　一　九八〇年代以降、燉煌管内仏教教団の主要な写経記録の分析
　二　九八〇年代―一〇〇二年代燉煌管内仏教教団の写経人・勘経人の人名一覧
　三　写経人・勘経人の身分構成
　四　十世紀後期以降の経巻包装紙より見た蔵経写経
　おわりに

附論　燉煌文書の魅力
　ウィグルと中国の朝貢貿易　　　
　道円に関する文書　　　
　三つの疑問

　初出一覧

　あとがきにかえて
　土肥先生の西域文書に取り組む研究姿勢について（石田勇作）
　土肥義和先生の「龍朔二年（六六二）高昌県思恩寺僧籍」釈読（速水　大）
　十世紀末期から十一世紀初期の燉煌写経事業において武周新字が用いられている
　点への指摘の重要性（十時淳一）

Reading Du Fu: Nine Views (九家讀杜)

Editor:
Xiaofei Tian

Publisher:
Hong Kong University Press

Publication date:
July 2020

Abstract:
This is the first collection of essays in English, contributed by well-known experts of Chinese literature as well as scholars of a younger generation, dedicated to the poetry of Du Fu, commonly regarded as the greatest Chinese poet. These essays are engaged in historically nuanced close reading of Du Fu’s poems, both canonical and less known, from new angles and in various contexts, and discuss a series of critical issues, including the local and the imperial; the body politic and the individual body; poetry and geography; perspectives on the complicated relation of religion and literature; materiality and contemporary reception of Du Fu; poetry and visual art; and tradition and modernity.

Many of the poems discussed in this book were written in the backwater town of Kuizhou, far from Du Fu’s earlier residence in the capital city Chang’an, at a time when the Tang dynasty was going through devastating social and political disturbances. The authors contend that Du Fu’s isolation from the elite literary establishments allowed him to become a pioneer who introduced a new order to the Chinese poetic discourse. However, his attention to details in everyday reality, his preoccupation with domestic life and the larger issues embroiled in it, his humor, and his ability to surprise tend to be obscured by the clichéd image of the “poet sage” and “poet historian”—an image this collection of essays successfully complicates.

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Xiaofei Tian

Section I: Home, Locale, Empire
1. Foundings of Home: On Du Fu and Poetic Success
Jack W. Chen

2. Thinking through Poetry: Du Fu’s “Getting Rid of the Blues” (Jie men)
Stephen Owen

3. History Channels: Commemoration and Communication in Du Fu’s Kuizhou Poems
Gregory Patterson

4. Ironic Empires
Lucas Rambo Bender

Section II: Poetry and Buddhism
5. Refuges and Refugees: How Du Fu Writes Buddhism
Paul Rouzer
6. Feeding the Phoenix: Du Fu’s Qinzhou-Tonggu Series
Xiaofei Tian

Section III: Reception and Re-creation
7. Sources of Difficulty: Reading and Understanding Du Fu
Christopher M. B. Nugent

8. Ming-Qing Paintings Inscribed with Du Fu’s Poetic Lines
Ronald Egan

9. Six Modernist Poets in Search of Du Fu
David Der-wei Wang

The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads

Editors:
Alison V.G. Betts, Marika Vicziany, Peter Jia and Angelo Andrea Di Castro

Publisher:
Archaeopress Archaeology

Publication date:
April 2020

Abstract:
The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads unveils the ancient secrets of Xinjiang, western China, one of the least known but culturally rich and complex regions located at the heart of Asia. Historically, Xinjiang has been the geographic hub of the Silk Roads, serving international links between cultures to the west, east, north and south. Trade, artefacts, foods, technologies, ideas, beliefs, animals and people have traversed the glacier covered mountain and desert boundaries. Perhaps best known for the Taklamakan desert, whose name translates in the Uyghur language as ‘You can go in, you will never come out’, here the region is portrayed as the centre of an ancient Bronze Age culture, revealed in the form of the famous Tarim Mummies and their grave goods. Three authoritative chapters by Chinese archaeologists appear here for the first time in English, giving international audiences direct access to the latest research ranging from the central-eastern Xiaohe region to the western valleys of the Bortala and Yili Rivers. Other contributions by European, Australian and Chinese archaeologists address the many complexities of the cultural exchanges that ranged from Mongolia, through to Kashgar, South Asia, Central Asia and finally Europe in pre-modern times.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1
Ancient Xinjiang at the International Crossroads
Marika Vicziany

Chapter 2
Xinjiang in Prehistory
Alison Betts

Chapter 3
The Xiaohe (Small River) Cemetery and the Xiaohe Culture
Yidilisi Abuduresule, Wenying Li, Xingjun Hu

Chapter 4
Tianshan as a Bridge: New Studies of Bronze Age Archaeology in the Western Tianshan,
Xinjiang, China
Dexin Cong

Chapter 5
A Report on Archaeological Findings in the Upper Yili Valley
Xuetang Liu

Chapter 6
Painted Pottery of the Late Bronze Age – Early Iron Age in Central Asia: New Data from Southern
Uzbekistan
Nikolaus G.O. Boroffka and Leonid M. Sverchkov

Chapter 7
Shifting Exchange Patterns During the Bronze and Iron Ages Between China and the West in Eurasia
Henri-Paul Francfort

Chapter 8
The Kashgar Oasis: Reassessing the Historical Record
Marika Vicziany and Angelo Andrea Di Castro

Chapter 9
The Kashgar Oasis in Buddhist and Pre Buddhist Times: the Archaeological and Environmental Record
Angelo Andrea Di Castro, Marika Vicziany and Xuan Zhu

Chapter 10
Unravelling Farming and Metallurgy in Ancient China with Nuclear Science
John Dodson, Pia Atahan and Xiaoqiang Li

Chapter 11
Early Wheat Cultivation and Plant Use in Xinjiang Prehistory: New Evidence Based on Starch Analysis
Peter Jia and Florence Chau

Treatise on Awakening Mahāyāna Faith

Editors:
John Jorgensen, Dan Lusthaus, John Makeham, and Mark Strange

Publisher:
Oxford University Press

Publication date:
December 2019

Abstract:
Dasheng qixin lun 大乘起信論, or Treatise on Awakening Mahāyāna Faith has been one of the most important texts of East Asian Buddhism since it first appeared in sixth-century China. It outlines the initial steps a Mahāyāna Buddhist needs to take to reach enlightenment, beginning with the conviction that the Mahāyāna path is correct and worth pursuing. The Treatise addresses many of the doctrines central to various Buddhist teachings in China between the fifth and seventh centuries, attempting to reconcile seemingly contradictory ideas in Buddhist texts introduced from India. It provided a model for later schools to harmonize teachings and sustain the idea that, despite different approaches, there was only one doctrine, or Dharma. It profoundly shaped the doctrines and practices of the major schools of Chinese Buddhism: Chan, Tiantai, Huayan, and to a lesser extent Pure Land. It quickly became a shared resource for East Asian philosophers and students of Buddhist thought.

Drawing on the historical and intellectual contexts of Treatise's composition and paying sustained attention to its interpretation in early commentaries, this new annotated translation of the classic, makes its ideas available to English readers like never before. The introduction orients readers to the main topics taken up in the Treatise and gives a comprehensive historical and intellectual grounding to the text. This volume marks a major advance in studies of the Treatise, bringing to light new interpretations and themes of the text.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Treatise on Awakening Mahāyāna Faith
Bibliography
English-to-Chinese Glossary
Chinese-to-English Glossary

[Dissertation] A Biographical Study on Bukong 不空 (aka. Amoghavajra, 705-774) : Networks, Institutions, and Identities

Author:
Yang, Zeng

Submitted:
2018

School:
The University of British Columbia

Abstract:
This dissertation addresses the historical practices of the Buddhist monk Bukong, who is well known by his Sanskrit name Amoghavajra and recognized as the most important promoter of the Esoteric tradition of Vajroṣṇīṣa Yoga in medieval China. Bukong was of mixed descent, half Indian and half Sogdian, and he traveled widely throughout Asia. Spending most of his lifetime in Tang China, as a Buddhist missionary and court official, he devoted his life to combining a soteriological agenda with monastic service to the state. In this regard, his commitment was so pivotal to the Esoteric school that it gave the latter an institutional expression that distinguished it from other Buddhist traditions in China. The school thrived as vital part of the official institutions of the state and thus constituted a new mode of imperial Buddhism. Bukong’s biographical accounts became the primary context for the historical narratives and documentation of almost all events and issues related to Esoteric Buddhism at the time. Employing a wide variety of historical materials, this study presents a comprehensive biography of Bukong that has been long overdue in academia. The exploration that follows focuses on his political rise and the institutionalization of his Esoteric School in its heyday, revealing the posts held by monks as the religious functionary and official institutes provided for his yogin disciples. The success of Bukong and his school owed significantly to the political and military turbulence caused by the An Lushan rebellion. He contributed to the usurpation of Emperor Suzong and was rewarded with the imperial authorization of his Esoteric tradition and the initial institutionalization of the Esoteric practices. During the next reign, a victory over a foreign invasion widely convinced his contemporaries of the “miraculous” might of the Vajroṣṇīṣa Yoga and facilitated Emperor Daizong’s conversion into a royal yogin. The emperor’s devotion and secret association with Bukong became a powerful factor for the latter to weave an eclectic network that assembled various resources to support Buddhist institutions and projects. Bukong’s diverse achievements and social associations, however, led to the diversified perception of him in historical writings.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: A Comprehensive Biography of Bukong
Chapter 3: Mutual Consecration: New Ruler and New Role
Chapter 4: The Mobilizer of Monks and Money: Integrating and Institutionalizing Buddhist Missions
Chapter 5: The Various Accounts of Bukong’s Background Places and His Ethnicity and Identity
Chapter 6: Conclusion: Backgrounds, Networks, Institutions, and Identities

仏像の着衣と僧衣の研究

Author: 
吉村怜 (Yoshimura, Rei )

Publisher:
法藏館

Publication date:
May 2019

Abstract:
彫像の背縫い線の歪みや衣端の揲の表現も見逃さない徹底した作品観察と律蔵文献をはじめとする膨大な史料を駆使し、古代の仏像彫刻が纏っている衣の呼称や実態、さらには現代の僧侶が着用している衣との関係を解明する。

Table of Contents:

序（肥田路美）
自序（吉村怜）
第一部　仏像の着衣と僧衣
第一章　古代仏像の着衣と名称―僧祇支と偏衫について―
第二章　古代比丘像の着衣と名称―僧祇支・偏袒・偏衫・直?について―
第三章　中国仏像の着衣の基本―袈裟・裙・僧祇支・偏袒について―
第四章　仏・菩薩像の衣服と名称
第五章　鑑真和上像の着衣、唐式偏衫について―竹下繭子氏の批判に答えて―
第六章　青州龍興寺址出土・北斉のインド風仏像の起源
第二部　個別研究
第七章　東大寺大仏の仏身論―蓮華蔵荘厳世界海の構造―
第八章　東大寺大仏・梵網教主説批判
第九章　雲岡・曇曜五窟の大仏
第十章　龍門古陽洞仏龕にみられる荘厳意匠の意義
第十一章　行像考
第十二章　中国奇岩怪石趣味の起源―霊璧石と太湖石について―

中国初期仏塔の研究

Author:
向井 佑介 (MUKAI, Yusuke)

Publisher:
臨川書店

Publication date:
March 2020

Table of Contents:
序　章　中国初期仏塔研究の現状と課題
第一節　中国初期仏塔研究のはじまり　/　第二節　中国初期仏教寺院の考古学的調査　/　第三節　中国仏教寺院研究の課題と本研究の射程

第Ⅰ部　仏塔の受容と信仰
第一章　仏教寺院の中国伝来
第一節　阿育王塔と白馬寺の伝説　/　第二節　後漢時代の仏教信仰　/　第三節　「浮図祠」の探索　/　第四節　出土資料からみた中原の初期仏教

第二章　仏塔の中国的変容
第一節　中国初期仏塔のすがた　/　第二節　仏塔と天上世界

第Ⅱ部　仏塔と舎利埋納
第三章　北魏興安二年舎利石函の図像学
第一節　北魏興安二年石函の発見　/　第二節　興安二年石函と雲岡石窟の図像　/　第三節　山岳紋様と比丘図像の系譜　/　第四節　石函の図像解釈と思想

第四章　南北朝仏塔の舎利埋納
第一節　仏舎利の奇蹟譚　/　第二節　東晋・南朝の舎利埋納　/　第三節　北魏太和五年石函出土文物の検討　/　第四節　東魏・北斉鄴城の仏塔と舎利埋納

第Ⅲ部　雲岡石窟の寺院景観
第五章　雲岡石窟の瓦と寺院景観
第一節　雲岡石窟出土瓦の様式と編年　/　第二節　瓦からみた雲岡石窟の寺院景観

第六章　雲岡石窟の仏塔意匠
第一節　仏塔意匠の三種　/　第二節　石塔形重層柱　/　第三節　覆鉢式塔　/　第四節　楼閣式重層塔　/　第五節　仏塔意匠の流行と雲岡石窟の景観

第Ⅳ部　仏塔の構造と空間配置
第七章　北魏平城時代の仏教寺院と塑像
第一節　北魏平城時代の塑像出土寺院　/　第二節　堂塔の配置と構造　/　第三節　塑像と壁画による堂塔の荘厳

第八章　中国における双塔伽藍の成立と展開
第一節　東晋・南朝における双塔伽藍の出現　/　第二節　北魏における双塔伽藍の出現　/　第三節　隋の双塔伽藍　/　第四節　初唐の双塔伽藍とその影響
第五節　唐代における双塔伽藍の変質

終　章　中国仏塔の成立と伝播
第一節　中国仏教寺院の黎明　/　第二節　仏教寺院の本格的受容　/　第三節　仏教寺院の変容と伝播

[Dissertation] The Buddha’s Voice: Ritual Sound And Sensory Experience In Medieval Chinese Religious Practice

Author:
Kelsey Seymour

Date of Award:
2018

School: 
University of Pennsylvania

Abstract:
This dissertation explores Buddhist chanting practices in mainly the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), showing that they were more than just one part of ritual practice: chanting could also be a type of music, an educational tool, a means for manipulating the supernatural, and a cure and cause of illness. Previous studies of chanting practices in Chinese Buddhism have addressed histories of transmission, doctrinal approaches, and made efforts to preserve melodies through notation. However, they do not necessarily capture how individuals who engaged in chanting experienced this practice. Therefore this dissertation aims to investigate this experience through accounts found in hagiography, miracle tales, and other Buddhist materials. In studying chanting from this perspective, we can see how local and individual experiences, goals, and needs interacted with practices, and how these practices operated within Chinese Buddhist communities. Furthermore, we can understand how and when these understandings and practices were informed by scripture, and when they were not, through how individuals performed, listened to, and promoted them.

Table of Contents:

Introduction

Chapter 1  Chant and Music

Chapter 2 Experts of Memory:
Chanting as a Method and Verification of Learning

Chapter 3 Gods, Demons, Ghosts, and Men, Lend Me Your Ears:
Hearing Buddhist Sounds in Medieval China

Chapter 4 Sound Objects and Sound Bodies:
The Materiality of the Voice in Buddhist Miracle Tales

Chapter 5 Therapeutic Tones and Hazardous Hymns:
The Relationship between Sound and Health in Tang Dynasty Buddhism

怪を志す: 六朝志怪の誕生と展開

Author:
佐野誠子 (Seiko Sano)

Publication date:
2020

Publisher:
名古屋大学出版会

Abstract:
歴史と宗教のあしもとで ——。「怪力乱神を語らぬ」儒教の国にあって、怪異はなぜ、いかにして記録されるようになったのか。『今昔物語集』等にも影響を与えた古代中国の「志怪」について、史書の伝統や仏教伝来との関係を軸に、社会的文脈から生成過程、文体まで、初めてトータルに捉え、中国人の精神のかたちを逆照射する。

Table of Contents:
凡 例
志怪年表

序　章　六朝志怪と怪異の歴史記録
　　　1　怪を志す「小説」
　　　2 「怪」とは何か
　　　3　志怪はどのように位置づけられてきたのか
　　　4　志怪のテキストについて

第Ⅰ部　史の伝統の中で

第1章　志怪の文脈
　　　　　 —— 歴史書の拡大と変異の記録
　　　　 1　史と志怪
　　　　 2　雑伝書
　　　　 3　五行志
　　　　 4　変異情報の伝達と編集

第2章　志怪の系譜
　　　　　 —— 五行志との関わりを手掛かりに
　　　1　応劭『風俗通義』における災異と怪異 —— 志怪誕生の素地
　　　2　干宝『捜神記』と五行志 —— 志怪の成立
　　　3　南朝宋時代の変異記録の行方と志怪 — 『宋書』五行志と『異苑』を中心に

第3章　志怪の怪
　　　　 1　廟 神
　　　　 2　幽 鬼

第Ⅱ部　仏教を受け止めて

第4章　志怪における僧侶
　　　　　 —— 新たなる怪異との邂逅
　　　　 1　仏教伝来と志怪への影響
　　　　 2　僧侶と志怪
　　　　 3　僧伝と志怪

第5章　仏教志怪の系譜
　　　　　 —— 応験記との関わりを手掛かりに
　　　　 1　仏教志怪の誕生
　　　　 2 『幽明録』『宣験記』と『冥祥記』—— その内容の違い
　　　　 3 『繋観世音応験記』の構成と他の仏教志怪
　　　　 4　応験譚の南北差 —— 佚名の文献資料を手掛かりに
　　　　 5　応験記と志怪

第6章　冥界遊行の仏教化
　　　　 1　僧侶の冥界遊行 —— 慧達劉薩荷を例に
　　　　 2　僧侶の冥界遊行が作られた理由
　　　　 3 『冥祥記』の僧侶と『高僧伝』の僧侶

終　章　中国「小説」史への吸収
　　　　 1　実録という形式と態度
　　　　 2　実録という形式を用いた虚構
　　　　 3　唐代における二種類の「伝」と歴史からの離脱