The Huayuanzhuang East Oracle Bone Inscriptions: A Study and Complete Translation

Author:
Schwartz, Adam C

Publication date:
2019

Publisher:
Berlin ; Boston : De Gruyter Mouton

Abstract:
Since 1899 more than 73,000 pieces of inscribed divination shell and bone have been found inside the moated enclosure of the Anyang-core at the former capital of the late Shang state. Nearly all of these divinations were done on behalf of the Shang kings and has led to the apt characterization that oracle bone inscriptions describe their motivations, experiences, and priorities. There are, however, much smaller sets of divination accounts that were done on behalf of members of the Shang elite other than the king. First noticed in the early 1930's, grouped and periodized shortly thereafter, oracle bone inscriptions produced explicitly by or on behalf of "royal family groups" reveal information about key aspects of daily life in Shang society that are barely even mentioned in Western scholarship. The newly published Huayuanzhuang East Oracle Bone inscriptions are a spectacular addition to the corpus of texts from Anyang: hundreds of intact or largely intact turtle shells and bovine scapulae densely inscribed with records of the divinations in which they were used. They were produced on the behalf of a mature prince of the royal family whose parents, both alive and still very much active, almost certainly were the twenty-first Shang king Wu Ding (r. c. 1200 B.C.) and his consort Lady Hao (fu Hao). The Huayuanzhuang East corpus is an unusually homogeneous set of more than two thousand five hundred divination records, produced over a short period of time on behalf of a prince of the royal family. There are typically multiple records of divinations regarding the same or similar topics that can be synchronized together, which not only allows for remarkable access into the esoteric world of divination practice, but also produce micro-reconstructions of what is essentially East Asia's earliest and most complete "day and month planner." Because these texts are unusually linguistically transparent and well preserved, homogeneous in orthography and content, and published to an unprecedentedly high standard, they are also ideal material for learning to read and interpret early epigraphic texts. The Huayuanzhuang East oracle bone inscriptions are a tremendously important Shang archive of "material documents" that were produced by a previously unknown divination and scribal organization. They expose us to an entirely fresh set of perspectives and preoccupations centering on a member of the royal family at the commencement of China's historical period. The completely annotated English translation of the inscriptions is the first of its kind, and is a vibrant new source of Shang history that can be accessed to rewrite and supplement what we know about early Chinese civilization and life in the ancient world. Before the discerning reader are the motives, preoccupations, and experiences of a late Shang prince working simultaneously in service both for his Majesty, his parents, and his own family.

Table of Contents:
Introduction to the Huayuanzhuang East Oracle Bone Inscriptions
Translation
Conventions and Symbols
HYZ 1
Appendix I: Raw Data
Appendix II: Parallel content, related content, sets, and synchronies
Appendix III: The "Big Synchrony"

商代甲骨中英讀本 Reading of Shang Inscriptions (Bilingual)

Authors:
Kuang Yu Chen 陳光宇, Song Zhenhao 宋鎮豪, Liu Yuan 劉源, Matthew Anderson 安馬修

Publisher:
Shanghai renmin chubanshe 上海人民出版社

Publication Date:
May 2017

Abstract:

從商代甲骨文算起，漢字已經被連續使用3500年之久，是人類歷史上使用時間較長的文字。然而相對於其它的起源文字，鑒於漢字在人類歷史上的特殊地位及在國際范圍推廣漢字認知教學的重要，甲骨文認讀的這一塊空白在國內外都有待填補。由於缺乏認讀甲骨文字的合適英語課本，所以本書采用手寫教材，借鑒讀片子的教學方式。基於此編寫而成。此書可作為以英語教授甲骨文字的課本，也適於自學甲骨文之用。附有凡例以及相關甲骨圖片等，有助於更多國內外更多人藉由對甲骨文字的認知而對中國上古文明產生興趣。

Table of Contents:

前言 Foreword ...... 001
凡例 Explanatory Notes ...... 001

甲骨片名 Title 出處*（Source）
1 《月一正》 Gānzhī Cycle 24440 ...... 001
2 《受黍年》 The Millet Harvest 09950 ...... 006
3 《十五犬》 Fifteen Dogs 29537 ...... 014
4 《今一月雨》 Rain in the First Month 12487 ...... 018
5 《自東來雨》 Rain from the East 12870 ...... 024
6 《旦至食日》 From Daybreak to Morning T624 ...... 027
7 《三嗇雲》 Tricolored Clouds 13399 ...... 031
8 《有大雨》 Heavy Rain 30048 ...... 035
9 《遘大風》 Encounter Gusty Wind 30238 ...... 038
10 《大驟風》 Strong Gale 00137 ...... 041
11 《出虹》 Rainbow Appears 10406 ...... 045
12 《辛大啟》 Xīn Day Brightened Up 30190 ...... 049
13 《晹日》 Changing Date 13271 ...... 053
14 《東方曰析》 East is Called Xī 14294 ...... 056
15 《禘于北方》 Performing Dì- Ritual to Northern Fāng 14295 ...... 061
16 《燎于東母》 Burnt Offering to the East Mother 14340 ...... 066
17 《新大星》 New Big Star 11503 ...... 070
18 《鳥星》 Bird Star 11497 ...... 074
19 《日月有食》 Eclipse of Sun and Moon 33694 ...... 079
20 《旬亡禍》 Xún No Disaster 11482 ...... 084
21 《月有食》 Moon was Eclipsed 11485 ...... 088
22 《夕風》 Night Wind 13338 ...... 091
23 《立中無風》 Flag Shows No Wind 07369 ...... 096
24 《寧風》 Pacifying Wind 34138 ...... 099
25 《壱 品》 Wine Libation and Bundle Ceremony 32384 ...... 102
26 《十示率 》 Ten Shì with Rams 32385 ...... 106
27 《自上甲至于多毓》 From Shàng Ji. to Duō Hòu 37836 ...... 110
28 《十示又三》 Ten and Three Shì 34117 ...... 115
29 《甲戌翌上甲》 Yì-Ritual for Shàng Ji. on ji.xū 35406 ...... 118
30 《大乙奭妣丙》 King Dà Y. with Queen B. B.ng 36194 ...... 121
31 《又歲于兄己》 Ceremonial Yòu Suì for Brother J. 27615 ...... 124
32 《王亥上甲即于河》 Arrived at Temple of Hé 34294 ...... 127
33 《燎于河王亥上甲》 Liáo for Hé, Wáng Hài, and Shàng Ji. 01182 ...... 130
34 《侑于唐》 Yòu-Ritual for Táng 01273 ...... 133
35 《燎于夒》 Liáo-Ritual for Náo 14369 ...... 136
36 《高祖夒》 High Ancestor Náo 30398 ...... 140
37 《燎于蔑》 Liáo-Ritual for Miè 14804 ...... 143
38 《侑于王恒》 Yòu-Ritual for Wáng Héng 14762 ...... 145
39 《燎土豕》 Liáo-Ritual for T. with Pig 34185 ...... 147
40 《侑于黄尹》 Yòu-Ritual for Huáng Y.n 00563 ...... 150
41 《侑于伊尹》 Yòu-Ritual for Yī Y.n 34192 ...... 153
42 《射 以羌》 Shè Téng Takes Qiāng 32023 ...... 156
43 《沉三羊》 Sinking Three Sheep 05522 ...... 161
44 《武乙宗祊》 Bēng at W. Y. Temple 36076 ...... 164
45 《侑父丁》 Yòu Father Dīng 32054 ...... 167
46 《翌日劦日燧日》 Three Rì Rituals 32714 ...... 170
47 《自上甲縁》 J. from King Shàng Ji. 32212 ...... 173
48 《侑出日侑入日》 Yòu-Ritual for Sun ZX543 ...... 178
49 《于妣庚禦婦好》 Exorcise Lady Hǎo Against Bǐ Gēng 02617 ...... 182
50 《箙旋禦》 Exorcise Fú Xuán 00301 ...... 185

Violence, Kinship and the Early Chinese State: The Shang and their World

Author:
Roderick Campbell

Publisher: 
Cambridge University Press

Publication date: 
April 2018

Abstract:

Situated between myth and history, the Shang has been hailed both as China's first historical dynasty and as one of the world's primary civilizations. This book is an up-to-date synthesis of the archaeological, palaeographic and transmitted textual evidence for the Shang polity at Anyang (c.1250–1050 BCE). Roderick Campbell argues that violence was not the antithesis of civilization at Shang Anyang, but rather its foundation in war and sacrifice. He explores the social economy of practices and beliefs that produced the ancestral order of the Shang polity. From the authority of posthumously deified kings, to the animalization of human sacrificial victims, the ancestral ritual complex structured the Shang world through its key institutions of war, sacrifice, and burial. Mediated by hierarchical lineages, participation in these practices was basic to being Shang. This volume, which is based on the most up-to-date evidence, offers comprehensive and cutting-edge insight into the Chinese Bronze Age civilization.

Table of Contents:

1. Being, society and world: towards an inter-ontic approach
2. Cities, states and civilizations
3. Central plains civilization from Erlitou to Anyang
4. The great settlement Shang and its polity: networks, boundaries and the 
    social economy
5. Kinship, place and social order
6. Violence and Shang civilization
7. Constructing the ancestors: the social economy of burial
8. Technologies of pacification and the world of the great settlement Shang

Darstellung Des Bogenschiessens in Bronzeinschriften Der West-Zhou-Zeit (1045-771 V.Chr.), Die: Eine Philologische Quellenanalyse

Author:
Adamski, Susanne

Publisher:

Harrassowitz

Publication date:

1 June 2017

Abstract:

Das laut überlieferter konfuzianischer Texte überwiegend als „Ritual“ klassifizierte und mit bestimmter Funktion und Symbolik versehene Bogenschießen, das vom Westlichen Zhōu-Adel (1045-771 v.Chr.) praktiziert wurde, tritt auch in originären Bronzeinschriften jener Zeit zutage. Die bisherige Forschung hat sich zwar vereinzelt mit diesem Phänomen auseinandergesetzt, zeigt sich jedoch teilweise von späteren Quellen beeinflusst oder berücksichtigt unterschiedliche grafische, syntaktische und semantische Deutungsmöglichkeiten der Inschriften nur unzureichend. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht daher, welche Merkmale des Bogenschießens in den Primärquellen tatsächlich feststellbar sind, und liefert erstmals eine vollständig nachvollziehbare, umfassend annotierte Transkription und Übersetzung von fünf Bronzeinschriften der West-Zhōu-Zeit, die das Bogenschießen thematisieren. Ausführliche Glossen erörtern epigrafische Probleme und Aspekte des historisch-gesellschaftlichen Kontextes. 

Im Rahmen der Einzelanalysen, die mehrere Übersetzungsmöglichkeiten einbeziehen, untersucht Susanne Adamski, welche möglichen Funktionen aus Wortlaut und Aufbau der jeweiligen Inschrift abzuleiten sind und ob das dort dargestellte Bogenschießen wirklich als „Ritual“ im Sinne sowohl heutiger Ritualdefinitionen als auch der tradierten Ritenliteratur auszumachen ist. Bisherige sinologische Annahmen werden dabei widerlegt. Die Studie bietet in dieser Form eine neue Herangehensweise an die Analyse von Bronzeinschriften als historisch-gesellschaftliche Dokumente und richtet sich an Sinologen und Historiker mit Interesse an der frühchinesischen Gesellschaft und Epigrafik.

Table of Contents:

Danksagung

Regierungsdaten der West-Zhōu-zeitlichen Herrscher

Vorbemerkungen

1. Einleitung

1.1 Gegenstand der Untersuchung

1.2 Forschungsstand

1.3 Methode und Inschriftenkorpus

2. Analysen West-Zhōu-zeitlicher Bronzeinschriften zum Bogenschießen 

2.1 Analyse der „Mài fāngzūn 麦方尊“-Inschrift

2.1.1 Transkription und Übersetzung der „Mài fāngzūn“-Inschrift

2.1.2 Glossen

2.1.3 Inhaltsangabe der „Mài fāngzūn“-Inschrift

2.1.4 Inhaltsanalyse der „Mài fāngzūn“-Inschrift

2.2 Analyse der „Zuò Bóguǐ 柞伯簋“-Inschrift

2.2.1 Transkription und Übersetzung der „Zuò Bó guǐ“-Inschrift

2.2.2 Glossen

2.2.3 Inhaltsangabe der „Zuò Bó guǐ“-Inschrift

2.2.4 Inhaltsanalyse der „Zuò Bó guǐ“-Inschrift

2.3 Analyse der „Lìng dǐng 令鼎“-Inschrift

2.3.1 Transkription und Übersetzung der „Lìng dǐng“-Inschrift

2.3.2 Glossen

2.3.3 Inhaltsangabe der „Lìng dǐng“-Inschrift

2.3.4 Inhaltsanalyse der „Lìng dǐng“-Inschrift

2.4 Analyse der „Jìng guǐ 靜簋“-Inschrift

2.4.1 Transkription und Übersetzung der „Jìng guǐ“-Inschrift

2.4.2 Glossen

2.4.3 Inhaltsangabe der „Jìng guǐ“-Inschrift

2.4.4 Inhaltsanalyse der „Jìng guǐ“-Inschrift

2.5 Analyse der „Yì hégài 義盉盖“-Inschrift

2.5.1 Transkription und Übersetzung der „Yì hégài“-Inschrift

2.5.2 Glossen

2.5.3 Inhaltsangabe der „Yì hégài“-Inschrift

2.5.4 Inhaltsanalyse der „Yì hégài“-Inschrift

3. Auswertung: Zur Darstellung des Bogenschießens in

Bronzeinschriften der West-Zhōu-Zeit

4. Fazit: Zur kulturellen Bedeutung

des West-Zhōu-zeitlichen Bogenschießens

Literaturverzeichnis

Verzeichnisse

Indices 

Imprints of Kinship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscriptions from Ancient China

Editor:
Shaughnessy, Edward L.

Publisher:
Chinese University Press

Publication Date:
2017.3

Abstract:

Recent excavations of bronze artifacts from the Western Zhou dynasty (1046u771 B.C.) provide the focus for this collection of essays, which analyze the nature and patterns of lineages emerging from the tombs of ancient lords of states and historically significant individuals located throughout China, including Beijing, Shandong, Shanxi, and Gansu. The editor and his nine contributors provide detailed textual analyses of the inscriptions found on excavated bronze vessels. Their essays offer careful reconstructions of the genealogies, kinship structures, political identities, and relationship networks of leading court figures from Bronze-Age China. This rich scholarship makes important contributions to ancient Chinese archaeology by bringing to light archaeological evidence in support of new discoveries related to the chronology, warfare, and legal structure of the different realms that existed during the Western Zhou period.

Table of Contents:

Preface
Edward L. SHAUGHNESSY

The Language of the Bronze Inscriptions
Wolfgang BEHR

Shang Emblems in Their Archaeological Context
Olivier VENTURE

Inscribed Bronzes, Gift-giving and Social Networks 
in the Early Western Zhou: A Case Study of the Yan Cemetery at Liulihe
Yan SUN

The Tombs of the Rulers of Peng and Relationships between Zhou and Northern Non-Zhou Lineages (Until the Early Ninth Century B.C.)
Maria KHAYUTINA

Newest Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels, 2000–2010
Edward L. SHAUGHNESSY

On the Possibility That the Two Western Zhou States Yu and Rui Were Originally Located in the Jian River Valley
CH’EN Chao-jung

A Study of the Bronze Vessels and Sacrificial Remains of the Early Qin State from Lixian, Gansu
LI Feng

Genealogical Statements on Ritual Bronzes of the Spring and Autumn Period
Guolong LAI

Reflections on Literary and Devotional Aspects of Western Zhou Memorial Inscriptions
Robert ENO

Bibliography 287

Finding List of Bronze Vessels Cited 319

Index 331

A Source Book of Ancient Chinese Bronze Inscriptions

Editors:
Constance A. Cook; Paul R. Goldin

Publisher:
Society for the Study of Early China 

Publication Date:
November 10, 2016

Abstract:

Bronze inscriptions are not only the most important category of historical sources for the Chinese Bronze Age, but also records of crucial rituals in ancient Chinese religious life. Addressed both to unborn descendants and to the spirits of deceased ancestors, bronze inscriptions, and the ceremonies they memorialized, connected the human world to the spirit world, and linked the generations of a lineage for all time.

This source book is a collaborative effort involving ten scholars, including Constance A. Cook, Wolfgang Behr, Robert Eno, Paul R. Goldin, Martin Kern, Maria Khayutina, David W. Pankenier, David Sena, Laura Skosey, Yan Sun. It begins with a general editorial introduction outlining the significance of bronze inscriptions, followed by more focused discussions of subjects such as the implied ceremonies of bronze inscriptions, typological trends, and modern interpretive methods. The body of the book consists of eighty-two illustrative inscriptions, each with a brief contributor's introduction detailing the historical value and distinctive features of the text, as well as a list of further readings. The book concludes with a glossary of technical terms, a comprehensive bibliography, and an index.

Table of Contents:

The Writing System of Scribe Zhou: Evidence from Late Pre-imperial Chinese Manuscripts and Inscriptions (5th-3rd Centuries BCE)

Author:
Park, Haeree

Publisher:
DeGruyter

Publication Date:
2016.2

Abstract:

This book investigates the nature of regional variation in the early Chinese writing system through bamboo manuscripts and inscriptions dating from the late pre-imperial China (5th-3rd centuries BCE). Diachronic and synchronic comparisons of graphic details show that none of the well-recognized regional varieties developed independently from one another. Furthermore, differences in graphic components can be accounted for as alternations of graphs that are compatible in their semantic or phonetic values. The phonological systems underlying various regional orthographies unanimously point to a single coherent sound system with some mixture of dialect pronunciations. This strongly suggests that all the late pre-imperial regional scripts derived from a kind of orthographic meta-system based on one spoken standard language. This orthography and its phonological systems should reasonably be dated to ca. 9th century BCE, just about the time when the earliest known Chinese lexicography "Book of Scribe Zhou" (ca. 830 BCE) was written. The conclusions of this book have further implications on reading and understanding manuscript texts in general as well as on using them as data for linguistic studies.

Table of Contents:

1. Introduction

2. The Old Chinese phonology

4. The Chu Script

5. The Shanghai “Zhouyi” 周易 and the Early Chinese Orthography

6. Conclusions

Appendix I: A Lexicon of the Shanghai “Zhouyi”

Appendix II: Index of Synonymous Significs and Equivalent Phonophorics

Index of Equivalent Phonophorics


* Please click on the link below to download the book
https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/463696

** Thank Dr. Albert Galvany for sharing this information

[Dissertation] Change and Standardization in Anyang: Writing and Culture in Bronze Age China

Author:
Anderson, Matthew McCutchen

School:
University of Pennsylvania

Advisor:
Mair, Victor H.

Department:
East Asian Languages and Civilizations

Year:
2015

Abstract:

This dissertation is particularly concerned with various changes that occurred over roughly the last two centuries of the Shang period, that is, during the Anyang period, which stretches from approximately 1250 BCE to approximately 1050 BCE. This period, which begins just before the earliest evidence for writing in what is now China and stretches until the fall of the last Shang king, contains the entirety of the recorded history of the Shang dynasty. 

After discussing the dating of Shang oracle-bone inscriptions, I first address changes in Shang writing, demonstrating that it becomes increasingly regularized over the period. The earliest examples of Shang writing, especially those dating from the reign of king Wu Ding, show high levels of graphic and linguistic variation--that is, graphs/words are written differently from one inscription to the next, syntax is sometimes inconsistent, and aspects like text direction vary wildly; additionally, the semantic content of these inscriptions is far more diverse than is the case toward the end of the period. Using this apparent regularization as a backdrop, I address the Shang's changing relationships with certain non-Shang peoples, especially those known as the fang -countries. 

Palaeographical materials are primarily drawn from the Shang, but later periods also provide useful examples of the kinds of processes at work, and I pay special attention to early examples of Chinese writing found outside Anyang. I focus on the newest collection of scientifically excavated Shang inscriptions, Yinxu Xiaotun cun zhong cun nan jiagu 殷墟小屯村中村南甲骨 (Oracle bones from the center and south of Xiaotun village in the Wastes of Yin), published in 2012. Compared to other collections, relatively little work has been done on this one, and it happens to contain many inscriptions especially relevant to some of the questions under discussion, from issues of dating to the Shang's relationships with other peoples. While other corpora of Shang oracle-bone inscriptions are also essential to this project, this newest collection is its foundation. 

The second part of this dissertation presents a transcription of the entire collection, together with a full English translation, its first ever into another language.

A Little Primer of Chinese Oracle-Bone Inscriptions with Some Exercises

Author:
TAKASHIMA, Ken-ichi 髙嶋謙一

Publisher:
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz

Publication Year:
2015

Abstract:

Indispensable to the study of the history of Chinese religion, politics, agriculture, the calendar system, hunting, warfare, medicine, sacrificial and ritual practices, and other matters of life in China’s first historical dynasty, these more than 130,000 pieces of inscribed turtle plastrons and bovine scapulas, though mostly fragmented ones, comprise more text in terms of number of characters than the combined transmitted traditional pre-Qín classical Chinese texts.

The material will be presented in three forms: normalized transcriptions of the texts into modern standard Chinese script, translations into English, and ink-squeezes or rubbings of the original texts. There is also a detailed linguistic and philological explanation of the text, plus an annotation, and commentary on the cultural and historical background of the material. No special background in analyzing grammar and syntax will be required to understand most, if not all, of the materials presented in this Little Primer.

Table of Contents:

Preface
List of Figures and Tables
Chinese Oracle-Bone Inscriptions
  Piece 1-38
  Zhōuyuán jiǎgǔ kècí 周原甲骨刻辭
  Map of Yīnxū 殷墟
Appendix: A Short Annotated Bibliography*

These Bones Shall Rise Again: Selected Writings on Early China

Author: 
David N. Keightley

Editor: 
Henry Rosemont Jr.

Publication Year: 
2014

Publisher: 
SUNY Press

Abstract:

These Bones Shall Rise Again brings together in one volume many of David N. Keightley’s seminal essays on the origins of early Chinese civilization. Written over a period of three decades and accessible to the non-specialist, these essays provide a wealth of information and insights on the Shang dynasty, traditionally dated 1766–1122 or 1056 BCE. Of all the eras of Chinese history, the Shang has been a particularly elusive one, long considered more myth than reality. A historian with a keen appreciation for anthropology and archaeology, Keightley has given us many descriptions of Shang life. Best known for his analysis of oracle bones, he has looked beyond the bones themselves and expanded his historical vision to ponder the lives of those who used them. What did the Shang diviner think he was doing? The temerity to ask such questions and the insights they have provided have been provocative and, at times, controversial. Equally intriguing have been Keightley’s assertions that many of the distinctive features of Chinese civilization were already in evidence during the Shang, 3000 years ago. In this collection, readers will find not only an essential reference but also the best kind of thought-provoking scholarship.

Table of Contents:

Acknowledgments
Preface
Introduction
Transcription Conversion Table

Part I: What Makes China Chinese?

1. Archaeology and Mentality: The Making of China

2. Early Civilization in China: Reflections on How it Became Chinese

3. What Did Make the Chinese “Chinese”? Some Geographical Perspectives

Part II: Religion, Metaphysics, and Theology

4. The Religious Commitment: Shang Theology and the Genesis of Chinese Political Culture

5. Late Shang Divination: The Magico-Religious Legacy

6. Shang Divination and Metaphysics

7. The Making of The Ancestors: Late Shang Religion and Its Legacy

Part III: On Writing Inscriptions

8. Theology and the Writing of History: Truth and the Ancestors in the Wu Ding Divination Records

9. Marks and Labels: Early Writing in Neolithic and Shang China

Part IV: Early China/Early Greece

10. Clean Hands and Shining Helmets: Heroic Action in Early Chinese and Greek Culture

11. Epistemology in Cultural Context: Disguise and Deception in Early China and Early Greece

Part V: A Lighter Touch

12. Notes and Comments: “There Was an Old Man of Chang’an…”: Limericks and the Teaching of Early Chinese History

Bibliography of the Writings of David N. Keightley

Working for His Majesty: Research Notes on Labor Mobilization in Late Shang China (ca/ 1200-1045 B.C.), as Seen in the Oracle-Bone Inscriptions, with Particular Attention to Handicraft Industries, Agriculture, Warfare, Hunting, Construction, and the Shang's Legacies

Author:
Keightley, David N.

Publisher:
University of California, Berkeley

Publication Year:
2012

Table of Content:

Preface — xi
Notes about the Sources, Citation, and Transcription Conventions — xvii

1. Introduction: The Setting — 1

2. The Work and the Workshops — 9
Bone Working: 9
Stone and Jade Working: 13
Pottery: 15
Textiles: 16
Wood Working: 17
Bronze Casting: 19
Cowries: Bone and Bronze: 26
The Emergence of Writing: 27
The Workshops: 28
The Products: 30

3. The Artisan Corps — 33
The Status of the Artisans: 33
The Duo Gong 多工: 34
"The Many Strikers": 40
Summary: 44
The Dependent Laborers of Shang: 46
A Note on Population: 48

4. The Zhong 眾 and the Ren 人 — 50
The Status of the Workers: Slave, Free, or Dependent: 53
The Differences Between the Zhong 眾 and the Ren 人: 58

5. Punishments, Human Sacrifice, and Accompanying-in-Death — 63
Possible Punishments: 63
The Qiang 羌 and Duo Qiang 多羌: A Sample Case: 66
Human Sacrifice and Accompanying-in-Death: 69

6. Labor Mobilization — 78
The Verbs for "Mobilize": 78
The Verbs for "Making an Offering": 81

7. Who Was Mobilized — 86

8. The Occupational Lineages — 92

9. Numbers — 97
Accuracy of the Figures: 99
Casualties among the Zhong 眾: 101
Casualties among the Ren 人: 104

10. Work Schedule of the Diviners — 106
Discussion: 116

11. Leadership — 119

12. The Work: Agriculture — 124
The Agricultural Context: 125
Late Shang Agriculture: 126
The Powers and the Weather: 129
Agricultural Tools: 131
The Yi 邑 and Tian 田: 132
The Peasantry and the Population: 135
Dynastic Agriculture: 136
The Ritual Dimension: 152
Opening Up New Land: 161
The Use of Fire: 166
Irrigation: 168
Conclusions: 173

13. The Work: Warfare — 174
Leadershp in Warfare: 174
Army Organization: 179
Penetration: 184
Horse-chariot Units and the Shang Army: 187
Shang Weapons: 189
Shang Military History: 190

14. The Work: Hunting — 194

15. The Work: Construction — 200
Wall Construction: 200
Rammed-Earth Construction: 203
Settlements and Buildings: 204
Temples and Other Buildings: 205
Drainage: 208
Royal and Other Tombs: 210

16. Some Elements of Ritual Concern — 214

17. The Role of Geopolitics and Culture — 220
Ancestor Worship: 220
Other Demands for Work: 226
The Role of Writing: 230
The Creation of the Ancestors: 232

18. The Legacies — 236