計量的分析を用いた北魏史研究

Author: 大知聖子  (Seiko Ochi)

Publisher: 汲古書院

Publication year: 2025

Abstracct:

本書の特徴は計量的分析を用いて北魏史研究を行う手法にある。計量的分析とは数量を通して現象を捉え、　分析することを意味する。具体的には、定量的分析（量的研究）と定性的分析（質的研究）の両方を用いるが、定性的分析に入る前にまずは定量的分析を行い、史料の特徴を掴むことからはじめている。本書がこのような分析方法を用いる理由は、量的データをエビデンスとして用いない質的研究のみを行った場合、なぜ史料の特定の部分に注目したのか、その妥当性はあるのかという説明が不足している問題があると考えるからである。

本書の第一部では如上の方法で北魏の爵制について分析し、史料に対して定量的分析を加えることの有効性を確認した。しかし、悉皆調査をして量的データを示す場合もそれを視覚化できておらず、特徴量やターゲットの関係性／相関性が分かり難い問題点もあった。そこで第二部では、有用なのにまだ知られていない知見を発見するための情報処理的プロセスである探索的データ分析、その中でもテキスト分析に特化したテキストマイニングを用い、データを数値化・可視化した上で明らかになった特徴語に着目し、質的研究を行った。

Table of Contents:

序文

第一部　北魏の爵制に関する研究

序　章　問題の所在と構成
〔北魏史研究および問題の所在／古代中国における爵制の概要／古代中国における爵制研
究および問題の所在／課題の設定〕

第一章　北魏爵制の概要と民族問題に着目した分析
〔北魏爵制の概要／授爵における有爵者の分析／北魏前期の封土の問題／付表〕

第二章　北魏前期の爵制とその特質――仮爵の検討を手掛かりに――
〔仮爵と正爵の差異／北魏前期爵制の特質／北魏前期の爵位と官品／付表〕

第三章　北魏前期における爵と品の対応の考察――南巡碑を中心に――
〔南巡碑にみられる序列／文成帝期における爵の品と将軍号・官職の官品との関係／北魏
前期における爵の品と将軍号・官職の官品との関係／付表〕

第四章　北魏後期の爵制とその特質――孝文帝の爵制改革を中心に――
〔孝文帝の爵制改革／北魏後期の賜爵の理由および官品との関係／付表〕

第五章　北魏の官と爵の関係
〔北魏の爵と功との関係／北魏の爵と考課制度との関係／北魏の官爵体系／付表〕

第六章　官当制度とその淵源――除名・免官との比較からみた――
〔唐律における除名・免官・官当について／北朝における除名・免官・官当について／魏

晋南朝における除名・免官・官当について／官当制度の本質的淵源／付表〕

終　章　北魏の官爵体系の歴史的位置付けとその展開
〔古代中国における功と爵の関係／古代中国における考課と爵の関係／古代中国における
官と爵の関係〕

補論一　北魏孝文帝の官爵改革およびその後の変質について
〔孝文帝の官爵改革／北魏後期の爵制の変質とその背景〕

補論二　爵保有者の階層にみる両晋・北魏の爵制運用の比較
〔西晋における爵位の傾向／東晋における爵位の傾向／北魏における爵位の傾向／両晋と
北魏の爵保有者の構造および爵制運用の比較／付表〕

第二部　テキストマイニング分析を用いた北魏墓誌に関する研究

第一章　デジタル・ヒューマニティーズと北魏史研究
〔北魏史研究とデジタル・ヒューマニティーズのあゆみ／中国の石刻史料データベース紹介〕

第二章　テキストマイニングによる北魏墓誌の銘辞の分析方法
〔KH Coderを用いた北魏墓誌の銘辞のテキストマイニング分析／中國哲學書電子化計劃の
分析ツールを用いた北魏墓誌研究〕

第三章　新出北魏墓誌目録〔付表〕

第四章　北魏墓誌の銘辞とその撰文――同一銘辞の問題を中心に――
〔北魏墓誌における同一銘辞／同一銘辞を持つ北魏墓誌の真偽について／北魏墓誌の銘辞
および誄の撰文者（書き手）／北魏墓誌の同一銘辞の撰文者について／付表〕

第五章　北魏女性墓誌の特徴語の抽出および語義考証
〔北魏女性墓誌研究と問題点／テキストマイニングを用いた北魏女性墓誌の銘辞の分析方
　法／北魏女性墓誌の銘辞の特徴語／付表〕

第六章　北魏男性墓誌の特徴語の抽出および語義考証
〔テキストマイニングを用いた北魏男性墓誌の銘辞の分析方法／北魏男性墓誌の銘辞の特
徴語／付表〕

おわりに――今後の課題と展望――　　　

New DH website: "Religious Itinerancy: Travel Narratives in the Biographies of Eminent Monks"

We are excited to announce that our website is now officially online! 

The website represents an interactive and searchable database encompassing travel narratives found within the biographies of Chinese Buddhist monks and nuns, spanning from the fifth to the seventeenth century CE. 

There are several distinct ways to access the information stored within this repository:

"Events": This feature allows users to identify and peruse travel narratives using various filters, such as person, location, book title, dynasty, and motivations and outcomes of the journeys.

"Maps":  This functionality enables users to locate every place visited by Buddhist monks and nuns, identifying their points of departure and arrival, as well as tracing their travel routes. This is facilitated through three different types of maps and corresponding filters, including person, location, book title, dynasty, and motivations and outcomes of the journeys.

"Search": This option enables users to read comprehensive biographies of itinerant monks online and conduct keyword searches.

Find out more at our website: https://youfun.litphil.sinica.edu.tw/

[Dissertation] Death Ritual in the Tang Dynasty (618–907): A Study of Cultural Standardization and Variation in Medieval China

Author:
Yang, Yi

School:
University of California, Berkeley

Defended:
2019

Abstract:
By exploiting a vast trove of underutilized original sources, including thousands of epitaphs, archaeological reports, ritual manuals, and anecdotes, and by using digital humanities tools to analyze this large pool of data from a multiregional perspective, this dissertation reconstructs funerary practices in Tang-era China, and thereby explores cultural standardization and the effect of sociocultural changes on death rituals. My research demonstrates that certain death ritual practices prevailed among Tang elites of various regions and social strata and remained stable throughout the entire Tang dynasty, suggesting the existence of a standardized way of commemorating death in medieval China. Furthermore, my research reveals significant regional variations and temporal changes, which I use to examine the mechanisms behind uniformity and variety.

This dissertation also makes an original contribution to the understanding of actual mortuary practices among Tang elites of various strata and regional backgrounds. My core research material, the many thousands of Tang-era epitaphs, allows me to get closer to the actual practices of “ordinary” elites rather than rely on descriptions of rites by the ritual specialists in charge of compiling prescriptive ritual manuals. Moreover, as each tomb epitaph text usually provides a glimpse of a person’s life, tomb epitaphs are often the most direct and personal accounts of individuals, and they offer a perspective on a greater range of elite society than do either dynastic-history biographies or the eulogies preserved in the literary collections of famous writers.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Chapter 1: A Reconstruction of Death Ritual Practice in the Tang
Chapter 2: Selecting Dates for Burials
Chapter 3: Positioning Tombs and Conceptualizing Burial Space
Chapter 4: Variations in Grave Goods
Conclusion

Mind and Body in Early China: Beyond Orientalism and the Myth of Holism

Author:
Edward Slingerland

Publisher:
New York, NY : Oxford University Press

Publication date:
December 2018

Abstract:

Mind and Body in Early China critiques Orientalist accounts of early China as the radical, "holistic" other. The idea that the early Chinese held the "strong" holist view, seeing no qualitative difference between mind and body, has long been contradicted by traditional archeological and qualitative textual evidence. New digital humanities methods, along with basic knowledge about human cognition, now make this position untenable. A large body of empirical evidence suggests that "weak" mind-body dualism is a psychological universal, and that human sociality would be fundamentally impossible without it.

Edward Slingerland argues that the humanities need to move beyond social constructivist views of culture, and embrace instead a view of human cognition and culture that integrates the sciences and the humanities. Our interpretation of texts and artifacts from the past and from other cultures should be constrained by what we know about the species-specific, embodied commonalities shared by all humans. This book also attempts to broaden the scope of humanistic methodologies by employing team-based qualitative coding and computer-aided "distant reading" of texts, while also drawing upon our current best understanding of human cognition to transform our basic starting point. It has implications for anyone interested in comparative religion, early China, cultural studies, digital humanities, or science-humanities integration.

Table of Contents:

Introduction

Chapter One: The Myth of Holism in Early China

PART I: Qualitative Approaches to Concepts of Mind and Body

Chapter Two: Soul and Body: Traditional Archeological and Textual Evidence for Soul-Body Dualism

Chapter Three: Mind-Body Dualism in the Textual Record

PART II: Quantitative Approaches to Concepts of Mind and Body

Chapter Four: Embracing the Digital Humanities: New Methods for Analyzing Texts and Sharing Scholarly Knowledge

PART III: Methodological Issues in the Interpretation of Textual Corpora

Chapter Five: Hermeneutical Constraints: Minds in Our Bodies and Our Feet on the Ground

Chapter Six: Hermeneutical Excesses: Interpretive Missteps and the Essentialist Trap

Conclusion: Naturalistic Hermeneutics and the End of Orientalism

[Dissertation] Fringes and Seams: Boundaries of Erudition in Early Medieval China

Author:
Nicoll-Johnson, Evan Vincent

Defended:
2017

School:
UCLA

Abstract:

In China’s early medieval period, scholastic erudition and refined self-expression were requisite talents of the literate elite, and achievement in both areas depended on the production, circulation, and consumption of texts. This dissertation examines several methods of textual organization and compilation that arose and flourished in this period. Although such works served as testaments to the broad erudition of their compilers, they were also criticized for their unrestrained ambition, disorderly structure, and problematically “miscellaneous” contents. The first two chapters address bibliographic treatises compiled during the Han and early Tang dynasties, showing how these ambitious scholarly projects relegated complexly organized works to categories reserved for “miscellaneous” texts. I find that the earlier treatise, contained
in Han shu, is inconsistent in the qualities it assigns to texts it describes as za 雜, or “miscellaneous,” while the later treatise, found in Sui shu, displays the influence of the centuries of intervening textual production and circulation through a new interest in scribal practices and compilation techniques, which is also apparent in its critiques of all its “miscellaneous” texts. Each of the remaining three chapters addresses a different method of textual reuse that arose in the centuries between these two bibliographies. In chapter three, I discuss the extensive historiographic annotations to Sanguo zhi and Shishuo xinyu, which have themselves been criticized for their disorderliness, and also make frequent use of texts bibliographies describe as “miscellaneous.” Chapter four is focused on Jinlouzi 金樓子, a uniquely structured compilation of private writings and gathered anecdotes, showing how its distinctive approach to textual reuse and organization has influenced its complex transmission and reception. Chapter five discusses collections of liezhuan 列傳 biographies compiled for several dynastic histories, using analysis of phrases that describe reading and erudition to examine the development of a standard biographical style. By combining digital analyses of patterns within these texts with investigation of their structure and contents, I show how these texts, though maligned for their disorderliness and “miscellaneousness,” are all attempts to bring a quickly expanding corpus to order, and to find new ways to make use of the many texts to which their compilers had access.

Table of Contents:

Introduction
1. Disorderly Texts and the Textual Order: Za in the Han shu Bibliographic 
    Treatise
2. Redefining Disorder: Za in the Sui shu bibliographic treatise
3. Supplementing the Records and Anecdotes: Annotation and Bibliography
4. Brick by Brick: Jinlouzi and the Construction of a Textual Identity
5. Patterns of Erudition: Identifying and Defining “Broad Reading”
Conclusion

[Dissertation] The Invention of Chinese Buddhist Poetry: Poet-Monks in Late Medieval China (c. 760–960 CE)

Author: 
Thomas J. Mazanec

School:
Princeton University

Defended:
2017

Abstract:
            
This dissertation presents an alternative history of late medieval literature, one which traces the development of Chinese Buddhist poetry into a fully autonomous tradition. It does so through a careful study of the works of poet-monks in the late medieval period (760–960), especially Guanxiu (832–913) and Qiji (864–937?). Weaving together the frayed threads of the literary traditions they inherited, these poet-monks established a tradition of elite Buddhist poetry in classical Chinese that continued in East Asia until the twentieth century. This dissertation also breaks new methodological ground by using digital tools to analyze and display information culled from medieval sources, and by using poetry composition manuals to understand medieval Chinese poetry on its own terms.
            
The introduction systematically analyzes the meanings of the concept of “religious literature” and situates this study of poet-monks therein. Part I, comprised of chapters 2, 3, and 4, presents a social history of poet-monks first by examining the invention of the term “poet-monk” in the late eighth century and its development until the tenth, then by mapping literary relations in the late medieval period using social network analysis. It demonstrates the existence and importance of poet-monks to the literary culture of this time. Part II, comprised of chapters 5 and 6, turns to the monks’ poetics at their most extreme: first the wild excess of repetition in song, madness, and incantation; then the austere devotion of “bitter intoning” (kuyin) and the identification of poetry with meditation. Both extremes are the fruit of the poet-monks’ deliberate mixing of literary and religious practices. The conclusion brings the various threads together to show how the poet-monks identified their religious and literary practices, hints at why their work had been neglected in both Buddhist and classical literary circles, and reflects on the implications of this dissertation for the study of religious poetry.
            
Thus, this dissertation provides one way of answering the question of how to define religious poetry and, in the process, sheds light on an overlooked corner of Chinese literary history, reconstructing an entire subtradition to demonstrate their fusion of religious and literary practices.