The Cambridge History of China Volume 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589

Editors:
Albert E. Dien & Keith N. Knapp

Publisher:

Cambridge University Press

Publication date:

2019

Abstract:

The Six Dynasties Period (220–589 CE) is one of the most complex in Chinese history. Written by leading scholars from across the globe, the essays in this volume cover nearly every aspect of the period, including politics, foreign relations, warfare, agriculture, gender, art, philosophy, material culture, local society, and music. While acknowledging the era's political chaos, these essays indicate that this was a transformative period when Chinese culture was significantly changed and enriched by foreign peoples and ideas. It was also a time when history and literature became recognized as independent subjects and religion was transformed by the domestication of Buddhism and the formation of organized Daoism. Many of the trends that shaped the rest of imperial China's history have their origins in this era, such as the commercial vibrancy of southern China, the separation of history and literature from classical studies, and the growing importance of women in politics and religion.

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Part I. History:
1. Wei   Rafe de Crespigny
2. Wu   Rafe de Crespigny
3. Shu-Han   J. Michael Farmer
4. Western Jin   Damien Chaussende
5. Eastern Jin   Charles Holcombe
6. The Sixteen Kingdoms   Charles Holcombe
7. Cheng-Han State   Terry F. Kleeman
8. Northern Wei   Scott Pearce
9. Eastern Wei-Northern Qi   Albert E. Dien
10. Western Wei-Northern Zhou   Albert E. Dien
11. The Southern dynasties   Andrew Chittick

Part II. Society and Realia:
12. The art of war  David A. Graff
13. Foreign relations  Charles Holcombe
14. The Northern economy  Victor Cunrui Xiong
15. The Southern economy  Liu Shufen 劉淑芬
16. Agriculture  Francesca Bray
17. The history of Sogdians in China  Rong Xinjiang 榮新江
18. Northern material culture  Shing Müller
19. Southern material culture   Annette Kieser
20. Women, families, and gendered society  Jen-der Lee 李貞德
21. Local society Hou Xudong 侯旭東

Part III. Culture, Religion and Art:
22. Confucian learning and influence   Keith N. Knapp
23. Qingtan and Xuanxue   Y. K. Lo
24. Buddhism   John Kieschnick
25. Daoism   Stephen R. Bokenkamp
26. Popular religion   Robert Ford Campany
27. The world of prose literature   Antje Richter
28. The world of poetry   Cynthia Chennault
29. Art and visual culture   Wu Hung 巫鴻
30. Music   Bo Lawergren

隋唐外務官僚の研究 : 鴻臚寺官僚・遣外使節を中心に

Author:
石, 暁軍 (セキ, ギョウグン)

Publisher:
東方書店

Publication date:
2019

Table of Contents:

序説

上篇 隋唐鴻臚寺と鴻臚寺官僚に関する研究

第一部 隋唐時代における鴻臚寺の構造及び位置づけ
    -その外務機能を中心に-
まえがき
第一章 隋唐鴻臚寺の組織構造について
第二章 隋唐時代における鴻臚寺の附属機関
    -鴻臚客館･礼賓院･左右威遠営及び外宅･四方館-
第三章 外務システムにおける鴻臚寺の位置-諸官庁との関係を中心に

第二部 隋唐時代における鴻臚卿授官･任官考
第一章 序論
第二章 隋代鴻臚卿授官･任官考
第三章 唐代鴻臚卿授官･任官考
附章 隋唐時代における鴻臚少卿授官･任官考

第三部 鴻臚卿･鴻臚少卿を通じてみた隋唐時代の外務官僚
まえがき
第一章 前任ポストからみた鴻臚卿と鴻臚少卿
第二章 後任ポストからみた鴻臚卿と鴻臚少卿
第三章 隋唐時代における鴻臚卿･鴻臚少卿の理想像と実像

下篇 隋唐遣外使に関する研究

第一部 隋唐時代における遣外使の構造
まえがき
第一章 隋唐時代における遣外使の概観
第二章 遣外使節団の組織-唐代を中心として
第三章 唐代の使職･使院と遣外使

第二部 遣外使節からみた隋唐時代の外務兼担官僚
まえがき
第一章 本官からみた遣外使節の選任傾向
第二章 隋唐時代における遣外使節の仮官と賜位について

Workshop on Migration and Border-crossing in Early Medieval China

Co-organizers: 

Wen-Yi Huang & Xiaofei Tian

Date:

May 23, 2019

Location: 

The Common Room, 2 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA

Harvard University

Program

9:30-9:40         Opening Remarks

Panel I. Going South

9:40-10:40

Evan Nicoll-Johnson (University of Alberta), “Guo Pu (276-324) the Wanderer: Magic and Migration in the Jin Dynasty”

Lu Kou (Williams College), “Detainees and Letters to Request Release in Early Medieval China”

Panel II. The Mobility of Texts and Images

10:40-11:40

Keith N. Knapp (The Citadel), “Cultural Baggage: The Transmission and Spread of Accounts of Filial Offspring during the Northern and Southern Dynasties”

Fan Zhang (NYU-Shanghai), “Between Hexi and Pingcheng: Migration of Image, Style, and People”

11:40-1:00        Lunch [Workshop Participants Only]

Panel III. Looking Back and Around

1:00-2:00

Jack W. Chen (University of Virginia), “Looking Back across the River: Nostalgia as Migrancy in the Shishuo xinyu”

Xiaofei Tian (Harvard University), “The Worlds on the Edge between Darkness and Light: Fifth-century ‘Supernatural’ Stories of a Migrant Community”

Panel IV. Rootedness, Relocation, and Identity

2:00-3:00

Andrew Chittick (Eckerd College), “Borderlands and Migration to North and South: A Study of the Qing-Qi Region in the Fifth Century CE”

Wen-Yi Huang (Harvard University), “How to Name People on the Move: A Case Study of the Northern Wei”

3:00-3:15         Coffee Break

Panel V. Moving Monks and Merchants

3:15-4:15

James Robson (Harvard University), “Monks, Movement, and Migration: A Preliminary Assessment of the Large-Scale Movement of Buddhist Monks in Early Medieval China”

Jin Xu (Vassar College), “Following in the Footsteps of Siddhartha: Shi Jun Sarcophagus and the Picturing of an Allegorical Biography”

4:15-4:45         General Discussion and Concluding Remarks

6:30                 Dinner for Workshop Participants

＊For more details, please visit our website:

https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/2019emcmigration/home-0

古代日本と東部ユーラシアの国際関係

Author: 
廣瀬憲雄 (Hirose, Norio)

Publisher：
勉誠出版

Publication date：
October 2018

Abstract:
外交文書と外交儀礼を丹念に読み解き、5～9世紀の倭国・日本の対隋・唐・新羅・百済政策の実態を明らかにし、古代日本の外交関係と東部ユーラシアの国際秩序を体系的に考究。また、「東部ユーラシア」という新たな枠組みに基づき、柔然・突厥・吐蕃・回鶻・契丹など様々な遊牧勢力を含む地域全体を、独自の支配理念や国際秩序が多数存在する場として理解する新しい世界史像の可能性を示す。

Table of Contents:

東部ユーラシア地図

序　章　東部ユーラシアと東アジア―政治圏と文化圏の設定―

第一部　五代両宋／遼金時代の外交文書と国際関係
　第一章　隋唐五代両宋期における「致書文書」の再検討と五代十国の外交関係
　第二章　宋代東部ユーラシアにおける外交文書と国際関係

第二部　南北朝―隋代の東部ユーラシアと倭国
　第一章　五・六世紀東部ユーラシアの外交文書と外交儀礼―南北朝と柔然の事例から―
　第二章　倭の五王の冊封と劉宋遣使―倭王武を中心に―
　第三章　「日出処天子」外交文書再考―典故と翻訳の問題から―

第三部　唐の全盛期と倭国・日本の外交関係
　第一章　『日本書紀』皇極紀百済関係記事の再検討
　第二章　七世紀後半における倭国の外交儀礼
　第三章　七世紀後半から八世紀前半の倭国・日本―新羅関係

第四部　八・九世紀日本の外交関係と君臣秩序
　第一章　渤海の対日本外交文書について―六国史と『類聚国史』の写本調査から―
　第二章　九世紀日本の君臣秩序と辞官・致仕の上表―状と批答に注目して―

終章　日本―渤海間の擬制親族関係について―東部ユーラシアの視点から―

[Dissertation] Courtly Exchange and the Rhetoric of Legitimacy in Early Medieval China

Author:
KOU Lu 寇陸

Defended:
2018

School:
Harvard University

Abstract:

This dissertation explores the power of words to fashion state legitimacy in early medieval China (the 4th–7th centuries CE). Known as the Northern and Southern Dynasties (Nanbeichao 南北朝), this was a period of political division and fragmentation in which several rival states vied for dominance. This dissertation examines the “cultural wars” that were waged among rival court centers and analyzes the writings produced at and for moments of interstate contact—including the exchange of diplomats, gifts, and letters, which formed a highly contentious ground for competing claims of political and cultural supremacy. It discusses how royal power was carefully represented in material and discursive forms to both awe subjects and intimidate enemies in the medieval court culture, and how legitimacy became a problematic concept that was subject to interpretation and contention during this volatile age.

The first chapter focuses on diplomatic visits and court representatives’ verbal banter. It studies both the “discursive battles” between diplomats and the articulation of hospitality and hostility in poetic genres. The second chapter looks at court compositions on foreign gifts and examines the rhetorical devices used to create and domesticate “the foreign” as a way of proclaiming cultural superiority. Epistolary communication is the topic of the third chapter, in which I investigate the “politics of intimacy” in letters sent across dynastic boundaries. In other words, I argue that seemingly “private” letters—for example, those between friends or between a mother and a son—were intended for public consumption and that the individual voices were subject to states’ exploitation for the purpose of political manipulation. The fourth chapter moves to the unified empire of the Sui (581–619) and early Tang (619–907) and continues to examine the negotiation among different cultural groups, this time in the new political context of unification. I use music as a critical lens to demonstrate that, through meticulous debates over what constituted “orthodox,” “decadent,” and “foreign” music for the empire, “sound” became politicized and was used as a tool of mind control and to shape new political identities. Taken together, these chapters discuss the verbal construction and negotiation of essential concepts such as “legitimacy,” “emperorship,” and “cultural orthodoxy” during the early medieval period.

Following previous scholarly attempts to problematize the “constructedness” of the North and South, this dissertation continues to redress the essentialization of the northern and southern cultures as monolithic and static stereotypes and reveal the complexity of cultural exchanges in the context of court culture in early medieval China. Based on detailed textual analysis of a variety of genres, including envoys’ recorded conversations, poems, poetic expositions, letters, and other “non-literary” genres, I show how elites in both the north and the south employed a shared cultural repertoire and discourse to negotiate the state’s claim to universal authority and fashion different cultural identities. I argue that rhetoric—the adroit manipulation of words and signifying practices—played an active role in constructing “legitimacy,” reconfiguring political reality, and envisioning cultural boundaries. It was through the appropriation of rhetoric and its effects that elites were able to define “self” and “others” and anchor themselves within an imagined cultural lineage.

北朝社会における南朝文化の受容: 外交使節と亡命者の影響

Author:
堀内淳一 (HORIUCHI Junichi)

Publisher:
東方書店

Publication date:
March, 2018

Table of Contents:

序　 章　南北朝交流史の問題と展開
　一　問題意識と課題の設定
　二　北朝と南朝の間の交流に関する研究史
　三　本書の構成

第一章　南北朝間の使節よりみた「文化」の多様性
　はじめに
　一　使者の選定とその背景
　二　使節による文化交流の具体的事例
　三　使者の体現する「文化」の範囲
　四　北朝における使者の資質
　おわりに

第二章　南北朝間の外交使節と経済交流――馬と柑橘――
　はじめに
　一　遣使と来聘
　二　使節の私的な交流
　三　軍事力と正統性の交換
　おわりに

第三章　北朝の使者の帰国後
　はじめに
　一　北魏の南朝遣使と制度改革
　二　魏斉革命と南朝への使者
　三　隋の対陳使者と陳の平定
　おわりに

第四章　府佐属僚からみた北魏の亡命氏族
　はじめに
　一　劉昶・王肅の府佐の構成
　二　亡命者の子孫の府主について
　三　北魏貴族社会と亡命者
　おわりに

第五章　司馬氏の帰郷
　はじめに
　一　司馬氏の北帰について
　二　北魏前期における司馬氏
　三　司馬氏を騙るものたち
　四　華北名族としての司馬氏
　おわりに

第六章　北魏宗室の亡命と帰還
　はじめに
　一　北魏宗室の亡命の理由と経緯
　二　梁における北魏宗室の待遇と帰国
　三　北魏宗室以外の貴族の亡命と帰還
　おわりに

補　 論　『陳書』の編纂過程と隋陳関係記事
　はじめに
　一　『陳書』における隋陳外交記事の欠落
　二　『陳書』の成書と流伝
　三　『陳書』阮卓伝にみる隋陳関係
　おわりに

終　 章　北朝貴族の目に映る南朝――「島夷」から「万国安和」へ

Eurasian Empires in Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe

Editors:
Nicola Di Cosmo & Michael Maas

Publisher:
Cambridge University Press

Publication Date:
January 2018

Abstract:

Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity offers an integrated picture of Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppes during a formative period of world history. In the half millennium between 250 and 750 CE, settled empires underwent deep structural changes, while various nomadic peoples of the steppes (Huns, Avars, Turks, and others) experienced significant interactions and movements that changed their societies, cultures, and economies. This was a transformational era, a time when Roman, Persian, and Chinese monarchs were mutually aware of court practices, and when Christians and Buddhists criss-crossed the Eurasian lands together with merchants and armies. It was a time of greater circulation of ideas as well as material goods. This volume provides a conceptual frame for locating these developments in the same space and time. Without arguing for uniformity, it illuminates the interconnections and networks that tied countless local cultural expressions to far-reaching inter-regional ones.

Table of Contents:

Part I. Historical Thresholds:

1. How the steppes became Byzantine: Rome and the Eurasian Nomads in historical perspective 
Michael Maas

2. The relations between China and the steppe from the Xiongnu to the Türk Empire 
Nicola Di Cosmo

3. Sasanian Iran and the projection of power in Late Antique Eurasia: competing cosmologies and topographies of power 
Matthew P. Canepa

4. Trade and exchanges along the silk and steppe routes in Late Antique Eurasia 
Richard Lim

5. Sogdian merchants and Sogdian culture on the silk road 
Rong Xinjiang 榮新江

6. 'Charismatic' goods: commerce, diplomacy, and cultural contacts along the silk road in Late Antiquity 
Peter Brown

7. The synthesis of the Tang Dynasty: the culmination of China's contacts and communication with Eurasia 
Valerie Hansen

8. Central Asia in the Late Roman mental map, second to sixth centuries 
Giusto Traina

Part II. Movements, Contacts, and Exchanges:

9. Genetic history and migrations in Western Eurasia 
Patrick Geary

10. Northern invaders: migration and conquest as scholarly topos in Eurasian history 
Michael Kulikowski

11. Chinese and inner Asian perspectives on the history of the Northern dynasties (386–589 CE) in Chinese historiography 
Luo Xin 羅新

12. Xiongnu and Huns: archaeological perspectives on a centuries-old debate about identity and migration 
Ursula Brosseder

13. Ethnicity and empire in the Western Eurasian Steppes 
Walter Pohl

14. The languages of Christianity on the silk roads and the transmission of Mediterranean culture into central Asia 
Scott Fitzgerald Johnson

15. The spread of Buddhist culture to China between the third and seventh century 
Max Deeg

16. The circulation of astrological lore and its political use between the Roman East, Sasanian Iran, Central Asia, and the Türks 
Frantz Grenet

17. Luminous markers: pearls and royal authority in Late Antique Iran and Eurasia 
Joel Walker

Part III. Empires, Diplomacy, and Frontiers:

18. Byzantium's Eurasian policy in the age of the Türk Empire 
Mark Whittow

19. Sasanian Iran and its northeastern frontier: offense, defense, and diplomatic 
Daniel T. Potts

20. Infrastructures of legitimacy in inner Asia: the Early Türk Empires 
Michael R. Drompp

21. The stateless Nomads of Central Eurasia 
Peter B. Golden

22. Aspects of elite representation among the sixth- to seventh-century Türks 
Sören Stark

23. Patterns of Roman diplomacy with Iran and the steppe peoples 
Ekaterina Nechaeva

24. Collapse of a Eurasian hybrid: the case of the Northern Wei
Andrew Eisenberg

25. Ideological interweaving in Eastern Eurasia: simultaneous kingship and dynastic competition 
Jonathan Karam Skaff

26. Followers and leaders in northeastern Eurasia, ca. seventh to tenth centuries
Naomi Standen

Epilogue 
Averil Cameron.

古代の日本列島と東アジア

Author:
石井正敏 (Masatoshi Ishii)

Publication Date:
September 2017

Publisher:
勉誠出版

Table of Contents:

序　言 鈴木靖民

Ⅰ　倭国と東アジア外交
　1　五世紀の日韓関係―倭の五王と高句麗・百済―
　2　『日本書紀』隋使裴世清の朝見記事について

Ⅱ　古代の日本と新羅・渤海
　3　日本・渤海間の名分関係―舅甥問題を中心に―
　4　八・九世紀の日羅関係
　5　九世紀の日本・唐・新羅三国間貿易について

Ⅲ　内憂と外患―貞観期の災害・海賊―
　6　円仁と張宝高―入唐日本人と新羅人―
　7　大宰府鴻臚館と張宝高時代を中心とする日本・新羅関係
　8　貞観十一年の震災と外寇
　9　貞観十一年の天災と外寇
　10　東アジア史からみた鞠智城

Ⅳ　古代国家の変転と残像
　11　『金液還丹百問訣』にみえる渤海商人李光玄について―日本渡航問題を中心に―
　12　『日本書紀』金春秋来日記事について
　13　藤原定家書写『長秋記』紙背文書「高麗渤海関係某書状」について
　14　東アジアの変動と日本外交

略年譜・著作目録
第一巻初出一覧
索　引

隋唐佛教文物史論考 Essays on the History of Buddhist Antiquities from the Sui and Tang Periods

Author:
礪波 護 (TONAMI Mamoru)

Publisher:
法藏館

Publication Date:
2016.5.12

Table of Contents:

第Ⅰ部　隋唐の佛敎と國家

第一章　天壽國と重興佛法の菩薩天子と

第二章　法琳の事蹟にみる唐初の佛敎・道敎と國家

第三章　嵩岳少林寺碑考
　コラム1　嵩岳少林寺碑

第四章　玄祕塔碑考

第五章　文物に現れた北朝隋唐の佛敎
　コラム2　塚本善隆著『大石佛』
　コラム3　京都大學人文科學硏究所の宗敎硏究室

附章　禮敬問題：東晉から唐代まで

第Ⅱ部　祀天神と釋奠

第一章　中國の天神・雷神と日本の天神信仰

第二章　唐代の釋奠
　コラム1　寒⻝展墓の開始

第三章　釋迢空『死者の書』と唐代の宗敎

附章　「兩晉時代から大唐世界帝國へ」補遺
　コラム2　Ｅ・Ｈ・シェーファー著　『サマルカンドの金の桃：唐代の異國文物の硏究』序言

第Ⅲ部　隋唐の石刻

第一章　唐代長安の石刻：その社會的・政治的背景
　コラム1　決定版『雲岡石窟』：世界に誇る石窟寺院硏究の金字塔

第二章　京都大學所藏の唐墓誌

第三章　魏徵撰の李密墓誌銘：石刻と文集との間
　コラム2　魏徵の李密墓誌銘

第Ⅳ部　遣隋使と遣唐使

第一章　遣隋使と遣唐使

第二章　遣唐使の二つの墓誌：美努岡萬と井眞成
　コラム1　圓仁：日本最初の大師「慈覺大師」の見聞記
　コラム2　「漢俳」第一號に寄せて

第三章　唐代の過所と公驗

附章　入唐僧と旅行記

三國志よりみた邪馬臺國―国際関係と文化を中心として―

Author:
渡邉義浩 (Watanabe, Yoshihiro)

Publisher:
汲古書院

Publication Year:
2016/4/28

Table of Contents:

序　章　邪馬臺國論争と三國時代の国際関係・文化

第一篇　三國時代の国際関係と魏志倭人傳

　第一章　後漢の匈奴・烏桓政策と袁紹

　第二章　後漢の羌・鮮卑政策と董卓

　第三章　曹魏の異民族政策

　第四章　諸葛亮の外交政策

　第五章　孫吳の国際秩序と亶州

　第六章　国際関係よりみた倭人傳

第二篇　魏志倭人傳の世界観と三國・西晉時代の文化

　第七章　三國時代の文化と倭人傳の世界観

　第八章　鄭玄の經學と西高穴一号墓

　第九章　孫吳の正統性と國山碑

　第十章　張華『博物志』の世界観

　終　章　邪馬臺國の真実／附　篇　魏志倭人傳譯注

　文献表／あとがき

【「終章　邪馬臺國の真実」より】（抜粋）

戦国縦横家書

Editors:
大西克也，大櫛敦弘

Publisher:
東方書店

Publication Year:
2015

Abstract:

『戦国縦横家書』とは、長沙馬王堆三号漢墓より出土した帛書群のうちの一つで、中国の戦国時代に諸国間の外交の場で活躍したとされている人々（縦横家）の書簡や故事を集めた書物である。『史記』や『戦国策』など既存の文献資料と同内容の記事が見えると同時に、それまで知られることのなかった記事も多く含まれており、戦国諸国間の関係など、この時代の状況を知る上での重要な史料として注目され、さらには既存文献との関係や書籍としての体裁、書体や文字・語句の用法など、その史料としての価値は多方面に及ぶ。

Table of Contents:

目次
凡例
解題
1 自趙獻書燕王章
2 使韓山獻書燕王章
3 使盛慶獻書於燕王章
4 自齊獻書於燕王章
5 謂燕王章
6 自梁獻書於燕王章（一）
7 自梁獻書於燕王章（二）
8 謂齊王章（一）
9 謂齊王章（二）
10 謂齊王章（三）
11 自趙獻書於齊王章（一）
12 自趙獻書於齊王章（二）
13 韓■獻書於齊章
14 謂齊王章（四）
15 須賈説穣侯章
16 朱己謂魏王章
17 謂起賈章
18 觸龍見趙太后章
19 秦客卿造謂穣侯章
20 謂燕王章
21 獻書趙王章
22 謂陳軫章
23 虞卿謂春申君章
24 公仲■謂韓王章
25 李園謂辛梧章
26 見田■於梁南章
27 麛皮對邯鄲君章
あとがき
論著目録
索引（人名・地名・書名・事項）

Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the first Millennium CE

Editors:
Jan Bemmann & Michael Schmauder

Publisher:
Bonn : Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität

Publication Year:
2015

Table of Contents:

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

NOMADIC EMPIRES – MODES OF ANALYSIS

NIKOLAI N. KRADIN
Nomadic Empires in Inner Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

NICOLA DI COSMO
China-Steppe Relations in Historical Perspective. . . . .. . . . . . . . 49

J. DANIEL ROGERS
Empire Dynamics and Inner Asia. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .73

CLAUDIO CIOFFI-REVILLA, WILLIAM HONEYCHURCH, J. DANIEL ROGERS
MASON 
Hierarchies: A Long-range Agent Model of Power, Conflict, and
Environment in Inner Asia . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

PAVEL E. TARASOV, MAYKE WAGNER
Environmental Aspects of Chinese Antiquity: Problems of
Interpretation and Chronological Correlation . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

XIONGNU, THE HAN EMPIRE, AND THE ORIENTAL KOINE

BRYAN K. MILLER
The Southern Xiongnu in Northern China: Navigating and Negotiating
the Middle Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

URSULA B. BROSSEDER
A Study on the Complexity and Dynamics of Interaction and Exchange in
Late Iron Age Eurasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

MAREK JAN OLBRYCHT
Arsacid Iran and the Nomads of Central Asia – Ways of Cultural Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

INNER AND CENTRAL ASIA FROM THE TÜRKS TO THE MONGOLS

SERGEY A. VASYUTIN
The Model of the Political Transformation of the Da Liao as an Alternative
to the Evolution of the Structures of Authority in the Early Medieval Pastoral Empires of Mongolia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

MICHAEL R. DROMPP
Strategies of Cohesion and Control in the Türk and Uyghur Empires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

ÉTIENNE DE LA VAISSIÈRE
Away from the Ötüken: A Geopolitical Approach to the seventh Century
Eastern Türks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

SÖREN STARK
Luxurious Necessities: Some Observations on Foreign Commodities and Nomadic Polities in Central Asia in the sixth to ninth Centuries . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

PETER B. GOLDEN
The Turkic World in Maḥmûd al-Kâshgharî . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

THOMAS O. HÖLLMANN
On the Road again – Diplomacy and Trade from a Chinese Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

MICHAL BIRAN
The Qarakhanids’ Eastern Exchange: Preliminary Notes on the Silk Roads
in the eleventh and twelfth Centuries. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575

JÜRGEN PAUL
Forces and Resources. Remarks on the Failing Regional State of
Sulṭānšāh b. Il Arslan Ḫwārazmšāh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597

TATIANA SKRYNNIKOVA
Old-Turkish Roots of Chinggis Khan’s “Golden Clan”. Continuity of
Genesis. Typology of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

NOMADIC INTERACTION WITH THE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE WEST

MISCHA MEIER
Dealing with Non-State Societies: The failed Assassination Attempt against
Attila (449 CE) and Eastern Roman Hunnic Policy . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

TIMO STICKLER
The Gupta Empire in the Face of the Hunnic Threat. Parallels to the
Late Roman Empire? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

MICHAEL SCHMAUDER
Huns, Avars, Hungarians – Reflections on the Interaction between Steppe Empires in Southeast Europe and the Late Roman to Early Byzantine Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

WALTER POHL
Huns, Avars, Hungarians – Comparative Perspectives based on Written Evidence . . . . . . . . . 693

INDEX OF AUTHORS. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 703

Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of India-China Relations, 600-1400

Authors:
Sen, Tansen
Duara, Prasenjit

Publisher:
Rowman and Littlefield

Publication Year:
2015

Abstract:
Relations between China and India underwent a dramatic transformation from Buddhist-dominated to commerce-centered exchanges in the seventh to fifteenth centuries. The unfolding of this transformation, its causes, and wider ramifications are examined in this masterful analysis of the changing patterns of the interaction between the two most important cultural spheres in Asia. 

Tansen Sen offers a new perspective on Sino-Indian relations during the Tang dynasty (618-907), arguing that the period is notable not only for religious and diplomatic exchanges but also for the process through which China emerged as a center of Buddhist learning, practice, and pilgrimage. 

Before the seventh century, the Chinese clergy-given the spatial gap between the sacred Buddhist world of India and the peripheral China-suffered from a borderland complex. A close look at the evolving practice of relic veneration in China (at Famen Monastery in particular), the exposition of Mount Wutai as an abode of the bodhisattva Manjusri, and the propagation of the idea of Maitreya's descent in China, however, reveals that by the eighth century China had overcome its complex and successfully established a Buddhist realm within its borders. The emergence of China as a center of Buddhism had profound implications on religious interactions between the two countries and is cited by Sen as one of the main causes for the weakening of China's spiritual attraction toward India.

At the same time, the growth of indigenous Chinese Buddhist schools and teachings retrenched the need for doctrinal input from India. A detailed examination of the failure of Buddhist translations produced during the Song dynasty (960-1279), demonstrates that these developments were responsible for the unraveling of religious bonds between the two countries and the termination of the Buddhist phase of Sino-Indian relations. 

Sen proposes that changes in religious interactions were paralleled by changes in commercial exchanges. For most of the first millennium, trading activities between India and China were closely connected with and sustained through the transmission of Buddhist doctrines. 

The eleventh and twelfth centuries, however, witnessed dramatic changes in the patterns and structure of mercantile activity between the two countries. Secular bulk and luxury goods replaced Buddhist ritual items, maritime channels replaced the overland Silk Road as the most profitable conduits of commercial exchange, and many of the merchants involved were followers of Islam rather than Buddhism. 

Moreover, policies to encourage foreign trade instituted by the Chinese government and the Indian kingdoms contributed to the intensification of commercial activity between the two countries and transformed the China-India trading circuit into a key segment of cross-continental commerce.

Table of contents: 

Introduction: China's Encounter and Predicament with the Indic World 

Chapter One: Military Concerns and Spiritual Underpinnings of Tang-India Diplomacy 

Chapter Two: The Emergence of China as a Central Buddhist Realm 

Chapter Three: The Termination of the Buddhist Phase of India-China Interactions 

Chapter Four: The Reconfiguration of India-China Trade and its Underlying Causes 

Chapter Five: The Phases and the Wider Implications of the Reconfiguration of India-China Trade 

Conclusion: From Buddhism to Commerce: The Realignment and Its Implications