仏像の着衣と僧衣の研究

Author: 
吉村怜 (Yoshimura, Rei )

Publisher:
法藏館

Publication date:
May 2019

Abstract:
彫像の背縫い線の歪みや衣端の揲の表現も見逃さない徹底した作品観察と律蔵文献をはじめとする膨大な史料を駆使し、古代の仏像彫刻が纏っている衣の呼称や実態、さらには現代の僧侶が着用している衣との関係を解明する。

Table of Contents:

序（肥田路美）
自序（吉村怜）
第一部　仏像の着衣と僧衣
第一章　古代仏像の着衣と名称―僧祇支と偏衫について―
第二章　古代比丘像の着衣と名称―僧祇支・偏袒・偏衫・直?について―
第三章　中国仏像の着衣の基本―袈裟・裙・僧祇支・偏袒について―
第四章　仏・菩薩像の衣服と名称
第五章　鑑真和上像の着衣、唐式偏衫について―竹下繭子氏の批判に答えて―
第六章　青州龍興寺址出土・北斉のインド風仏像の起源
第二部　個別研究
第七章　東大寺大仏の仏身論―蓮華蔵荘厳世界海の構造―
第八章　東大寺大仏・梵網教主説批判
第九章　雲岡・曇曜五窟の大仏
第十章　龍門古陽洞仏龕にみられる荘厳意匠の意義
第十一章　行像考
第十二章　中国奇岩怪石趣味の起源―霊璧石と太湖石について―

[Dissertation] Kingly Exchange: The Silk Road and the East Eurasian World in the Age of Fragmentation (850-1000)

Author:
WEN, Xin

School:
Harvard University

Date Submitted:
2017

Abstract:
This dissertation is a cultural history of travel on the Silk Road in East Eurasia in the ninth and tenth centuries from the vantage point of Dunhuang, an oasis town situated between China proper and Central Asia. Following the near-simultaneous fall of the Tibetan empire, the Uyghur empire, and the Tang empire in the mid-ninth century, the East Eurasian world experienced a long period of political fragmentation. Such political fragmentation, together with the collapse of the extensive Sogdian diasporic network around the same time, is generally considered to have resulted in a relatively inactive period of travels on the Silk Road. In this dissertation, by examining medieval manuscripts in Chinese, Tibetan, Uyghur, Khotanese, and Sogdian discovered in the sealed library-cave in Dunhuang and reading them in the contexts of transmitted Chinese texts produced in China proper, I argue that activities on the East Eurasian Silk Road during this period of political fragmentation not only persisted, but also took on a distinct and non-commercial form.

Informed by anthropological theories on gift exchange and hospitality, I argue that trans-regional travels in my sources were primarily the results of state endeavor: travelers were predominantly described as state envoys rather than private merchants, and that these envoys participated not in economic networks of commodified exchange, but in diplomatic networks of competitive gifting. That is to say, contrary to widespread assumptions about the Silk Road as a busy trading highway, the movements of people and goods in the area under my investigation were motivated primarily by the royal pursuit of glory rather than interest in profit. Political fragmentation and the presence of a much greater number of state entities in East Eurasia in the ninth and tenth centuries only enhanced such pursuit. Through investigating the non-commercial aspect of travel and the mechanism of negotiating social life on the road, I argue that the networks of competitive diplomacy through long-distance personnel and material exchange were as effective as commercial networks in facilitating trans-regional connections on the Silk Road.

Table of Contents:

Introduction

Part one – Geography and Diplomacy: Opening the Road

CHAPTER 1: THROUGH BROKEN GEOGRAPHIES: THE RE-CREATION OF
GEOGRAPHICAL INTELLIGIBILITY BETWEEN CHINA AND CENTRAL ASIA

CHAPTER 2: “BY THE ROAD WE BECOME ONE FAMILY”: DIPLOMACY ON THE
SILK ROAD

Part two: Gifts and Guest: Practices of Travel

CHAPTER 3: MOVING GIFTS

CHAPTER 4: WELCOME THE GUEST, PRAISE THE HOST

Part three: Economy and ideology: Results of Travel

CHAPTER 5: RECONSIDERING THE SILK ROAD ECONOMY

CHAPTER 6: KING OF KINGS OF CHINA: HYBRID STATE IDEOLOGY

Conclusion

草原の制覇 大モンゴルまで （シリーズ中国の歴史3）

Author:
古松崇志  (Takashi Furumatsu)

Publisher:
岩波書店

Publication date:
March 2020

Table of Contents:

いま、中国史をみつめなおすために――シリーズ中国の歴史のねらい（執筆者一同）
はじめに

序章　ユーラシア東方史と遊牧王朝
　一　中央ユーラシアの騎馬遊牧民
　二　遊牧と農耕が出会うユーラシア東方史

第一章　拓跋（タブガチ）とテュルク
　一　鮮卑拓跋部と北魏
　二　唐と突厥の興亡
　三　安史の乱の激動

第二章　契丹と沙陀
　一　契丹の建国
　二　沙陀の勃興
　三　沙陀系王朝と契丹

第三章　澶淵の盟と多国体制
　一　澶淵の盟への道
　二　タングト・西夏の台頭
　三　契丹情勢と北宋の西北経略

第四章　金（女真）の覇権
　一　女真の勃興
　二　金の覇権とユーラシア東方情勢
　三　金の変革と北方情勢

第五章　大モンゴルと中国
　一　大イェケモンゴル国ウルスの建国と拡大
　二　クビライと大元ウルス
　三　ユーラシアの東西交流と中国

Keywords in Chinese Culture

Editor:
Wai-yee Li and Yuri Pines

Publication date:
October 2019

Publisher:
The Chinese University Press

Abstract:
Like every major culture, Chinese has its set of keywords: pivotal terms of political, ethical, literary, and philosophical discourse. Tracing the origins, development, polysemy, and usages of keywords is one of the best ways to chart cultural and historical changes. This volume analyzes some of these keywords from different disciplinary and temporal perspectives, offering a new integrative study of their semantic richness, development trajectory, and distinct usages in Chinese culture.

The authors of the volume explore different keywords and focus on different periods and genres, ranging from philosophical and historical texts of the Warring States period (453–221 BCE) to late imperial (ca. 16th–18th centuries CE) literature and philosophy. They are guided by a similar set of questions: What elevates a mere word to the status of keyword? What sort of resonance and reverberations do we expect a keyword to have? How much does the semantic range of a keyword explain its significance? What kinds of arguments does it generate? What are the stories told to illustrate its meanings? What are political and intellectual implications of the keyword’s reevaluation? What does it mean to translate a keyword and map its meaning against other languages?

Throughout Chinese history, new ideas and new approaches often mean reinterpreting important words; rupture, continuities, and inflection points are inseparable from the linguistic history of specific terms. The premise of this book is that taking the long view and encompassing different disciplines yield new insights and unexpected connections. The authors, who come from the fields of history, philosophy, and literature, explore keywords in different genres and illuminate their multiple dimensions in various contexts. Moreover, despite their different temporal focus, they take into consideration the development of selected keywords from the Warring States to the late imperial period, sometimes adding excurses that extend to contemporary usage.

Table of Contents:

The Making of Keywords

1 How to Name or Not to Name: That Is the Question in Early Chinese Philosophy /
Carine Defoort

2 Chinese he 和 in Many Keys, Harmonized in Europe /
Joachim Gentz

3 From “Scribe” to “History”: The Keyword shi 史 /Stephen Durrant

Socio-political Keywords

4 What’s in a Slogan? The Political Rationale and the Economic Debates behind “Enrich the State” (fuguo 富國) in Early China /
Romain Graziani

5 “To Die for the Sanctity of the Name”: Name (ming 名) as Prime Mover of Political Action in Early China /
Yuri Pines

Virtue Keywords

6 Embodied Virtue: How Was Loyalty Edited and Performed in Late Imperial China? /
Chiung-yun Evelyn Liu

7 Filial Piety as an Emotion in Late Imperial China /
Maram Epstein

Keywords of the Self

8 Before the Emergence of Desire /
Andrew Plaks

9 Looking for the True Self /
Wai-yee Li

Afterword
Philological Reflections on Chinese Conceptual History: Introducing Thesaurus Linguae Sericae /
Christoph Harbsmeier
em

[Dissertation] Polyphonic Thinking : Music and Authority in Early China

Author:
Avital Rom

School:
University of Cambridge

Defended:
2019

Abstract:
What are the socio-political roles of music? Why do people write about music? These are the essential questions underpinning this dissertation. The study interrogates early Chinese thinkers' engagement with music in political, philosophical, and military treatises of the Warring States (戰國, 453-221 BCE) and Western Han (西漢 206 BCE-9 AD) periods. In a few words, it can be defined as 'a socio-political analysis of musical references in Warring States and Han China.' This study traces and analyses musico-political links in texts dating to these periods. In doing so, it demonstrates how textual references to music may be used as rhetorical tools, attesting to ideological conflicts raging within early Chinese society.

In the first chapter I argue for a new understanding pertaining to perceptions of sound in early China. By re-examining language and contents of passages relating to sound from some of the most widely-read musical discussions of the period (in particular Xunzi's 荀子 ca. 340-ca.245 BCE 'Discourse on Music' 樂論), I substantiate that sounds were, in fact, perceived by early Chinese thinkers not only as joyful and educating - as previously emphasised by critics - but also emotionally compelling and, moreover, potentially dangerous. In this quality of sounds lies the key to understanding the power of music in early Chinese texts, which is examined in detail throughout the four remaining chapters of my work. Chapter two discusses the terms and terminology used by critics in deeming music 'good' or 'bad' in early China. It argues that music critics tended to ground their musical arguments in ethical rather than aesthetical reasonings, and used music criticism to establish and maintain the sense of local or social identities. Chapter three examines the role music and sound played in the military, and argues that within the context of warfare, drums were perceived as sonic communication devices rather than musical instruments per see. Finally, chapter Four explores conceptualisations of silence and soundlessness, claiming that silence was perceived both positively - as the ancestor of sound, and negatively - as an indicator of ignorance. The thesis as a whole aims to explore the boundaries of the musical in early China and reveal how both the musical and the boundaries between the musical and the non-musical served intellectuals rhetorically and ideologically.

Ultimately, I suggest, it is through the lens of music (albeit music that does not itself survive to us in sound) that one can unveil multiple aspects of early Chinese social, political, and intellectual life that have not, up to this point, been examined in scholarly literature.

中国初期仏塔の研究

Author:
向井 佑介 (MUKAI, Yusuke)

Publisher:
臨川書店

Publication date:
March 2020

Table of Contents:
序　章　中国初期仏塔研究の現状と課題
第一節　中国初期仏塔研究のはじまり　/　第二節　中国初期仏教寺院の考古学的調査　/　第三節　中国仏教寺院研究の課題と本研究の射程

第Ⅰ部　仏塔の受容と信仰
第一章　仏教寺院の中国伝来
第一節　阿育王塔と白馬寺の伝説　/　第二節　後漢時代の仏教信仰　/　第三節　「浮図祠」の探索　/　第四節　出土資料からみた中原の初期仏教

第二章　仏塔の中国的変容
第一節　中国初期仏塔のすがた　/　第二節　仏塔と天上世界

第Ⅱ部　仏塔と舎利埋納
第三章　北魏興安二年舎利石函の図像学
第一節　北魏興安二年石函の発見　/　第二節　興安二年石函と雲岡石窟の図像　/　第三節　山岳紋様と比丘図像の系譜　/　第四節　石函の図像解釈と思想

第四章　南北朝仏塔の舎利埋納
第一節　仏舎利の奇蹟譚　/　第二節　東晋・南朝の舎利埋納　/　第三節　北魏太和五年石函出土文物の検討　/　第四節　東魏・北斉鄴城の仏塔と舎利埋納

第Ⅲ部　雲岡石窟の寺院景観
第五章　雲岡石窟の瓦と寺院景観
第一節　雲岡石窟出土瓦の様式と編年　/　第二節　瓦からみた雲岡石窟の寺院景観

第六章　雲岡石窟の仏塔意匠
第一節　仏塔意匠の三種　/　第二節　石塔形重層柱　/　第三節　覆鉢式塔　/　第四節　楼閣式重層塔　/　第五節　仏塔意匠の流行と雲岡石窟の景観

第Ⅳ部　仏塔の構造と空間配置
第七章　北魏平城時代の仏教寺院と塑像
第一節　北魏平城時代の塑像出土寺院　/　第二節　堂塔の配置と構造　/　第三節　塑像と壁画による堂塔の荘厳

第八章　中国における双塔伽藍の成立と展開
第一節　東晋・南朝における双塔伽藍の出現　/　第二節　北魏における双塔伽藍の出現　/　第三節　隋の双塔伽藍　/　第四節　初唐の双塔伽藍とその影響
第五節　唐代における双塔伽藍の変質

終　章　中国仏塔の成立と伝播
第一節　中国仏教寺院の黎明　/　第二節　仏教寺院の本格的受容　/　第三節　仏教寺院の変容と伝播