[Dissertation] Divining Bureaucracy: Divination Manuals as Technology and the Standardization of Efficacy in Early China

Author :
Fodde-Reguer, Anna-Alexandra

Defended:
2014

School:
University of Michigan

Abstract:

The authors of divination manuals dating to early China (c. 220 B.C.E.-c. 400 C.E.) treated divination as a technology to gain access to hidden empirical knowledge. By transcribing this knowledge in cosmological language and through the use of diagrams, the authors of these manuals attempted to standardize knowledge for capable readers. The manuals thereby mark a crucial departure from ancient China (c. 1600-c. 300 B.C.E.), when divination authority was invested in privileged individuals, whose skills were monopolized by the wealthy and powerful. The standardization of divinatory techniques and hidden knowledge in these manuals fits the context of bureaucratic expertise and the expanding scope of influence of written culture in the early imperial period. 

Using an historical approach, I argue that the knowledge recorded in divination manuals points to a view of divination as a perfectible technique for the discovery of practical knowledge. I carefully differentiate such information from the imagined perspective of the manual authors and the manual users. Each chapter focuses on selections from texts containing divination manuals. 

The texts I will draw on originate from three caches: the "Dream Divination Book" from the Yuelu cache of bamboo slips dating to the Qin dynasty (221 B.C.E.-206 B.C.E.); five divination sections from tomb 6 at Yinwan, Jiangsu Province and dating to 11 B.C.E. (the Han Dynasty 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.); and a section from the manuscript Pélliot-Chinoise 2856 (Recto) discovered in the Mogao caves at Dunhuang, Gansu Province, dating to c. 400 C.E. 

Using specific examples from each cache, I discuss how the texts disclose specific methods for using divination as a technique for readers to interpret their dreams, choose auspicious dates for various activities, and heal their bodies from illness. 

The History of Chinese Buddhist Bibliography: Censorship and Transformation of the Tripitaka 中國佛教目錄學史

Author:
Tanya Storch

Publication Year:
2014

Publisher:
Cambria Press

Abstract:
This study is a thorough examination of the entire historical scope of the Chinese Buddhist bibliography, including its historical foundations, textual classifications, criteria of authenticity, and collections made by individual catalogers. The need for such a study is urgent, for although references to and even in-depth studies of individual Buddhist catalogs and the data they contain have been written, there has not been until now an investigation into the entire historical scope of Buddhist bibliography in China. Understanding just what those who organized the canon over the centuries have left out, or preserved, is key to recovering a fuller appreciation for the development of Buddhism in East Asia in all its complexity. The study of individual bibliographers’ positions is equally crucial for the understanding of standards of authenticity and assignment of value to one group of scriptures over others. History of books, libraries, and learning in China would be incomplete without studying the history of Buddhist bibliography. Ultimately, it is necessary to study Buddhist bibliography because it represents the Tripitaka, the largest and most influential collection of sacred scriptures in the world, and because this collection needs to be incorporated into comparative discussions of Scripture and Canon in world history.

This is the first study that covers the entire historical scope of Buddhist bibliography in China in any European language, as well as the only study that provides detailed descriptions of all influential catalogs of the Buddhist canon written in the second through the end of the tenth centuries. It is the first attempt, in both European and Asian languages, to provide a comparative analysis between ideas, and these theological and historiographical principles used in creation of an authoritative canon by Christian and Buddhist scholars.

Table of Contents:

List of Tables

Transliterated Sanskrit Names, Titles, and Terms

Foreword by Victor H. Mair

Introduction

Chapter 1: Chinese Catalogs of Traditional (Non-Buddhist) Literature

Chapter 2: The Earliest Chinese Catalogs of Buddhist Literature

Chapter 3: Chinese Ideas about the Authenticity of the Buddhist Canon

Chapter 4: The New Position of Buddhism in China

Chapter 5: The Golden Age of Chinese Buddhism and the Catalogs of the Tang Dynasty

Chapter 6: Buddhist Catalogs and “Translators”

Chapter 7: Notes on the Use of Book Catalogs in Religious And Secular Contexts

Conclusion:

Appendix A: A Table of Chinese Buddhist Scriptural Catalogues

Bibliography

Index

Savage Exchange: Han Imperialism, Chinese Literary Style, and the Economic Imagination

Author:
Tamara T. Chin

Publisher:
Harvard University Press

Publication Year:
2014

Abstract:

Savage Exchange explores the politics of representation during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) at a pivotal moment when China was asserting imperialist power on the Eurasian continent and expanding its local and long-distance (“Silk Road”) markets. Tamara T. Chin explains why rival political groups introduced new literary forms with which to represent these expanded markets. To promote a radically quantitative approach to the market, some thinkers developed innovative forms of fiction and genre. In opposition, traditionalists reasserted the authority of classical texts and advocated a return to the historical, ethics-centered, marriage-based, agricultural economy that these texts described. The discussion of frontiers and markets thus became part of a larger debate over the relationship between the world and the written word. These Han debates helped to shape the ways in which we now define and appreciate early Chinese literature and produced the foundational texts of Chinese economic thought. Each chapter in the book examines a key genre or symbolic practice (philosophy, fu-rhapsody, historiography, money, kinship) through which different groups sought to reshape the political economy. By juxtaposing well-known texts with recently excavated literary and visual materials, Chin elaborates a new literary and cultural approach to Chinese economic thought.


Table of Contents:
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Conventions

Introduction: Savage Exchange

Genres
1. Abstraction: Qingzhong Economics, Literary Fiction, and Masters Dialogue
2. Quantification: Poetic Expenditure in the Epideictic Fu
3. Competition: Historiography, Ethnography, and Narrative Regulation

Practices
4. Alienation: Kinship in the World Economy
5. Commensuration: Counter-Practices of Money

Coda: Counterhistory, Connected Histories, and Comparative Literature

Appendix: Numismatic Research on the Han Dynasty Lead Ingots with Blundered Greek (or Foreign) Inscription

Bibliography

Index

Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol.3 & 4) 古代與早期中古中國文學（第三冊、第四冊）

Editor:
David R. Knechtges

Publisher:
Brill

Publication Year:
2014

Abstract:
At last here is the long-awaited, first Western-language reference guide focusing exclusively on Chinese literature from ca. 700 B.C.E. to the early seventh century C.E. Alphabetically organized, it contains no less than 1095 entries on major and minor writers, literary forms and "schools," and important Chinese literary terms. In addition to providing authoritative information about each subject, the compilers have taken meticulous care to include detailed, up-to-date bibliographies and source information. The reader will find it a treasure-trove of historical accounts, especially when browsing through the biographies of authors.

Part One contains A to R. 
Part Two contains S to Xi. 
Part Three contains Xia - Y. 
Part Four contains the Z and an extensive index to the four volumes.

These Bones Shall Rise Again: Selected Writings on Early China

Author: 
David N. Keightley

Editor: 
Henry Rosemont Jr.

Publication Year: 
2014

Publisher: 
SUNY Press

Abstract:

These Bones Shall Rise Again brings together in one volume many of David N. Keightley’s seminal essays on the origins of early Chinese civilization. Written over a period of three decades and accessible to the non-specialist, these essays provide a wealth of information and insights on the Shang dynasty, traditionally dated 1766–1122 or 1056 BCE. Of all the eras of Chinese history, the Shang has been a particularly elusive one, long considered more myth than reality. A historian with a keen appreciation for anthropology and archaeology, Keightley has given us many descriptions of Shang life. Best known for his analysis of oracle bones, he has looked beyond the bones themselves and expanded his historical vision to ponder the lives of those who used them. What did the Shang diviner think he was doing? The temerity to ask such questions and the insights they have provided have been provocative and, at times, controversial. Equally intriguing have been Keightley’s assertions that many of the distinctive features of Chinese civilization were already in evidence during the Shang, 3000 years ago. In this collection, readers will find not only an essential reference but also the best kind of thought-provoking scholarship.

Table of Contents:

Acknowledgments
Preface
Introduction
Transcription Conversion Table

Part I: What Makes China Chinese?

1. Archaeology and Mentality: The Making of China

2. Early Civilization in China: Reflections on How it Became Chinese

3. What Did Make the Chinese “Chinese”? Some Geographical Perspectives

Part II: Religion, Metaphysics, and Theology

4. The Religious Commitment: Shang Theology and the Genesis of Chinese Political Culture

5. Late Shang Divination: The Magico-Religious Legacy

6. Shang Divination and Metaphysics

7. The Making of The Ancestors: Late Shang Religion and Its Legacy

Part III: On Writing Inscriptions

8. Theology and the Writing of History: Truth and the Ancestors in the Wu Ding Divination Records

9. Marks and Labels: Early Writing in Neolithic and Shang China

Part IV: Early China/Early Greece

10. Clean Hands and Shining Helmets: Heroic Action in Early Chinese and Greek Culture

11. Epistemology in Cultural Context: Disguise and Deception in Early China and Early Greece

Part V: A Lighter Touch

12. Notes and Comments: “There Was an Old Man of Chang’an…”: Limericks and the Teaching of Early Chinese History

Bibliography of the Writings of David N. Keightley

Early Medieval China 20 《中國中古研究》第20期：《世說新語》專號

Table of Contents

Editor's Note
J. Michael Farmer

In the Shadows of "A New Account of Tales of the World"
Joseph R. Allen

On the Name Shishuo xinyu
Albert E. Dien

A New Note on Shishuo xinyu
Graham Sanders

The Shishuo xinyu as Data Visualization
Jack W. Chen, Zoe Borovsky, Yoh Kawano and Ryan Chen

Emotional Regime of the Shishuo Xinyu
David Jonathan Felt

Observations on the Life and Works of Liu Yiqing
Zhenjun Zhang

A Selective Bibliography on Shishuo xinyu
Yue Zhang